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"Bahadurabad Charminar Chowrangi, built in Bahadurabad in 2007 Charminar Chowrangi, night view on Eid-ul-Fitr 2014 Bahadurabad () is one of the neighbourhoods of Gulshan Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is located in the Civic Centre zone in the Gulshan Town. The neighbourhood was originally inhabited by mainly middle class Hyderabadi Muslim refugees from Hyderabad Deccan (now Hyderabad, Telangana, India) who migrated after the creation of Pakistan in 1947 after Hyderabad became the part of India.Sarah Ansari, Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh, 1947–1962, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 140 Bahadurabad is named after Bahadur Yar Jang, a Muslim nationalist from Hyderabad Deccan. In 2007, a replica of the famous Charminar monument of Hyderabad, India was constructed on the main crossing of Bahadurabad.M. Rafique Zakaria, Charminar in Karachi, Dawn, 22 April 2007 See also * Gulshan Town * Bahadur Yar Jung * Hyderabad Colony * Abdul Rashid Godil * Sindh Baloch Cooperative Housing Society * CF-SOL in Bahadurbad References Category:Neighbourhoods of Karachi Category:Gulshan Town "
"The Bristol Siddeley Orpheus was a single-spool turbojet developed by Bristol Siddeley for various light fighter/trainer applications such as the Folland Gnat and the Fiat G.91. Later, the Orpheus formed the core of the first Bristol Pegasus vectored thrust turbofan used in the Harrier Jump Jet family. Design and development The engine had its genesis in a 1952 request by Teddy Petter of Folland for an engine in the 5,000 pounds (22 kN) class to power a new trainer and lightweight fighter-bomber they were developing. Stanley Hooker, relatively new to the company after an earlier career at Rolls-Royce, took the project under his wing. He delivered a relatively simple and easy to maintain engine, which was put into use in the Folland Gnat, flying in 1955. The Orpheus incorporated the novel feature of a large-diameter shaft for its single spool which then needed only two bearings. The weight savings from deleting a bearing and associated parts listed below gave an engine with a thrust of 5,000 lbf but weighing only 800 lb. Eliminating the usual centre support bearing for the shaft joining the compressor and turbine meant the shaft would whirl, assuming a bowed shape, and damage the engine. Whirling was prevented by using a large diameter tube in place of the usual small diameter shaft. The large-diameter thin-walled tube, more than 8 inches in diameter was stiff enough to raise the whirling speed beyond the engine running range using only two bearings instead of the usual three. Two bearings gave a further advantage: previous engines had also needed a coupling in the shaft to allow for any misalignment between the static parts of the three bearings. With two bearings, the shaft simply followed the straight line between them. So the introduction of the large diameter tube allowed the removal of a bearing, a coupling, the engine's support structure for that bearing together with its lubrication system and cooling air supply. A cannular combustor was used with seven flame tubes. This was a recent development in jet engines and the Orpheus also included the innovation of incorporating the turbine entry duct and its stator vanes into the flame tube outlet, each flame tube providing one seventh of the overall duct. This had two advantages, it simplified the manufacture of a complicated and unreliable component, also the segmented design allowed easier allowance for thermal expansion. Developing a Sea Level Static thrust of , the Orpheus 701 had a 7-stage axial compressor driven by a single stage turbine. In 1957 NATO ran a competition for a light fighter design. All three finalists chose the Bristol Orpheus and as a result a substantial contribution towards the cost of the initial engine development was made available from the Mutual Weapons Development Program. The winner of the competition, the Fiat G.91R and G.91T, used Fiat-built versions of the engine. Other users, mostly trainers, soon followed, including the Fuji T-1, HAL HF-24 Marut, HA-300, and the experimental Hunting H.126 and Short SB5. For later civilian applications, the Orpheus was chosen, after use of two each on the prototypes, as an option on the Lockheed JetStar, Lockheed's Vice President and head of the famous Skunk Works, Clarence "Kelly" Johnson stating; "These Orpheus engines ... have been the best engines the writer has ever used in a prototype aircraft. They were and are so good that it was decided at an early date to make all Jetstars from serial number two up capable of using two Orpheus engines (as an alternative to four American units). The Orpheus version ... is fully competitive in performance (except with one engine out) and will be offered to those who want its lower cost, simplicity, and - at least for some time - reliability". Many companies in the 1950s were looking at ways of producing a vertical take off and landing aircraft. Michel Wibault had the idea of using a turboshaft engine to drive four large centrifugal blowers which could be swivelled to vector the thrust. Hooker's engineers decided on using the Orpheus gas generator to drive a single large fan that would supply air to a pair of rotating nozzles, while the exhaust flow from the Orpheus was split into two and would supply another pair of nozzles at the rear of the engine. This experimental system developed into the Pegasus. Licences to produce the Orpheus were obtained by Fiat S.p.A., SNECMA, and - as the TJ37, Curtiss-Wright. Variants Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1962-63., Aircraft engines of the World 1957 ;BOr.1:First run on 17 December 1954, rated at by Spring 1955, with for take- off later;powered the prototype Folland Gnat. ;BOr.2: for take-off ;BOr.3: for take-off ;BOr.4: for take-off (de-rated) ;BOr.6: ;BOr.11: Upflowed compressor enabled the BOr.11 to develop ;BOr.12: With a simplified reheat system the BOr.12 was rated at dry and with afterburning. ;Mk.100: Derated to ;Mk.101: ;Mk.701: Rated at , the Mk.701 was used in the production Folland Gnat F Mk.1 for Finland and India. ;Mk.703: Rated at ; powered the Hindustan HF-24 Marut Mk.1. ;Mk.703R: Reheated Mk.703 rated at powered the production version of the Hindustan HF-24 Marut. Reheat system developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ;Mk.801: Rated at , powering G.91s. The Mk.801 was identical to the BOr.2 engine except for accessories. ;Mk.803: With improvements to the compressor, rated at , replaced earlier marks used in G.91s. ;Mk.805: de-rated to , powered Fuji T1F1 prototype and T-1A production aircraft, as well as the Hunting H.126 jet-flap research aircraft. ;FIAT 4023: Mk.803 engines Licence built by FIAT. ;FIAT 4023: Mk.803 engines Licence built by FIAT with added fire detection system. Applications ;Aircraft *Breguet Taon *Fiat G.91 *Folland Gnat *Fuji T-1 *HAL HF-24 Marut *Helwan HA-300 *Hunting H.126 *Short SB5 ;Other applications Orpheus engines, numbers 709 (destroyed by FOD in testing) and 711 (running) powered the Bluebird K7 hydroplane in which Donald Campbell was killed whilst attempting the water speed record on Lake Coniston in 1967. A dragster powered by an Orpheus, the "Vampire", is the current holder of the British land speed record. Engines on display Preserved Bristol Siddeley Orpheus engines are on display at the Midland Air Museum, Coventry, and at Solent Sky, Southampton. It is also preserved as a relic in India's first aerospace museum in Hindustan Aerospace Heritage Centre, Bangalore. Specifications (Orpheus BOr.3 / Mk.803) Bristol Orpheus as fitted to the Fiat G91 See alsoNotesReferencesExternal links * Flight Global online archive - Detailed description of the Orpheus, November 1957. * "Orpheus" a 1959 Flight article Category:1950s turbojet engines Orpheus "
"Nickelodeon is a children's channel broadcasting in Denmark, Norway and Finland. It broadcasts programming from the similarly branded channels in the United Kingdom and the United States as well as a few locally produced programmes. History The channel started broadcasting in 1996 as a part of the analogue Viasat package, only broadcasting in the morning, sharing one transponder on Sirius 1 (previously Marcopolo 1) with ZTV and one on TV Sat 2 shared with 3+ and other Danish channels.SS News vol. 01 96.09.27 The official launch was on 1 February 1997. Initially it was only broadcasting for six hours between 7 a.m. and 1 p.m. A few years later, it switched to another transponder, allowing it to broadcast between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. Nickelodeon was launched as a free-to-air television channel in Sweden in 2001 and in Finland on 1 September 2007. On 18 June 2008, a separate channel for Sweden was launched. Nickelodeon Sweden replaced the pan-Nordic channel in all of the country. The pan-Nordic does however continue to be available in Denmark, Finland and Norway. A Danish version, Nickelodeon Denmark, was launched in March 2008. It was launched with VH1 Denmark, which aired Nickelodeon for six hours in the morning. The Pan-Nordic version is still available to Danish satellite viewers. In 2011, the channel started broadcasting commercials in Norwegian, despite also being available in Denmark and Finland at the time. On 7 January 2013, Viacom launched a Finnish version of Nick Jr. which replaced Nickelodeon Scandinavia on cable and in the terrestrial network. Nickelodeon Scandinavia continues to be available on satellite in Finland. Broadcast Most cartoons are dubbed into local languages, and separate audio tracks are available on satellite. Non-cartoon series aimed an older audience is broadcast in English with local subtitles. The limited broadcasting hours meant that the channel usually shared bandwidth with other channels who would broadcast in the evening and the night. On Viasat, it used to broadcast on the same channel as Viasat Nature, Viasat Crime and Playboy TV, but this was changed in 2007 when Viasat Nature started broadcasting in the day and Nickelodeon would timeshare with VH1 instead. Many cable systems took the Viasat feed. On Canal Digital, the European version of VH1 Classic is broadcast in the downtime, and on Swedish DTT (Boxer). Star! was once shown during the same time. The channel was previously broadcast from the United Kingdom, but in 2008 it handed back its UK license and started broadcasting from the Netherlands instead. ReferencesExternal links * Nickelodeon Norway Scandinavia Category:Children's television networks Category:Broadcasting in the Netherlands Category:Pan-Nordic television channels Category:Television stations in Denmark Category:Television channels in Norway Category:Television channels in Finland Category:Television channels and stations established in 1996 Category:1996 establishments in Europe Category:Television channel articles with incorrect naming style "