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"Fig. 1: Band diagram of p-n junction in standard solar cell In a basic Schottky-junction (Schottky-barrier) solar cell, an interface between a metal and a semiconductor provides the band bending necessary for charge separation. Traditional solar cells are composed of p-type and n-type semiconductor layers sandwiched together, forming the source of built-in voltage (a p-n junction). Due to differing energy levels between the Fermi level of the metal and the conduction band of the semiconductor, an abrupt potential difference is created, instead of the smooth band transition observed across a p-n junction in a standard solar cell, and this is a Schottky height barrier. Although vulnerable to higher rates of thermionic emission, manufacturing of Schottky barrier solar cells proves to be cost-effective and industrially scalable. However, research has shown thin insulating layers between metal and semiconductors improve solar cell performance, generating interest in metal- insulator-semiconductor Schottky junction solar cells. A thin insulating layer, such as silicon dioxide, can reduce rates of electron-hole pair recombination and dark current by allowing the possibility of minority carriers to tunnel through this layer. The Schottky-junction is an attempt to increase the efficiency of solar cells by introducing an impurity energy level in the band gap. This impurity can absorb more lower energy photons, which improves the power conversion efficiency of the cell. This type of solar cell allows enhanced light trapping and faster carrier transport compared to more conventional photovoltaic cells. Fig. 2: Band diagram of Schottky junction Material types Schottky junction solar cells can be constructed using many different material types. =Cadmium selenide= One material is cadmium selenide. As a direct bandgap semiconductor, CdSe has many applications in modern technology. Previous experiments using CdSe in solar cells resulted in a power-conversion efficiency of approximately 0.72%. Liang Li et al. propose using single cadmium selenide nanobelts-on-electrodes. This method uses electron-beam lithography, or EBL, which provides a more efficient synthesis method to developing Schottky junction solar cells. Although this material does not provide a large power-conversion efficiency as of yet, the advent of simpler fabrication methods show promise in nano-electronic applications. Further research is being conducted to increase the efficiency of cadmium selenide cells. =Nickel oxide= When constructing bulk-heterojunction solar cells, p-type nickel oxide is an effective anode layer. Its function as a wide band-gap semiconductor helps planarize the anode surface, and helps maximum photon flu to reach the active layer. In this case, NiO thickness was also measured, and increasing the thickness decreases cell efficiency. In these cells, nickel oxide replaces poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, or PEDOT:PSS, resulting in a dramatic increases in performance while still maintaining stability of the cell. Compared to the cadmium selenide cell, nickel dioxide cells provide a power-conversion efficiency to 5.2%. =Gallium arsenide= Fig. 3: Power conversion efficiency of different compositions of Schottky junctions. Under the right conditions, a gallium arsenide cell can produce an efficiency of around 22%. This is considered an MIS, or metal-insulator-semiconductor, and requires a thin oxide layer to prevent photo-current suppression. Sheng S. Li et al. for the first time show that an effective barrier height equal to the band gap energy can be realized if the thickness and dopant density of the p-layer as well as the dopant density in the n substrate are properly chosen. References Further reading * Category:Solar cells "
"Steve Lu in 1987 Steve Lu or Lu Xingfu (; Born November 13, 1919) was a student of Zhang Daqian and Pu Ru. Lu was trained in Chinese traditional art and calligraphy, collectively known as guohua or "traditional painting". Lu's additional formal training in Western art allowed him to create both impressionistic and expressionistic forms. He was ease with both classical and experimental styles and combined both Chinese and Western methods. Lu was also a seal carver, an author, an art historian, Feng Shui practitioner, astrologer, and geomancer. Lu produced numerous works of modern and traditional Chinese art as he migrated from China to Taiwan to Singapore, Biography Born in Jiangsu Province, China, Lu started to experiment with art when he was four and his formal training began at six. Starting with calligraphy as his foundation, Lu's talents were discovered and guided by the Chinese calligrapher, Wang Xiechen. Lu's older brother, also an artist, guided him on decorative design. Lu later joined Central University of Nanjing to expand his artistic repertoire to include Western painting. Pu Ru was one of Lu's teachers. Pu was a supporter of Lu and contributed a calligraphyPu's Chinese Title of Face Painting in Chinese Opera of the Chinese title of Lu's book, "Face Painting in Chinese Opera."Face Painting in Chinese Opera by Steve Lu, Google Books Additionally, Pu dedicated a painting to Lu.Pu Ru’s dedication to Lu Another teacher, Yu Youren, a calligrapher, also dedicated a calligraphy to Lu.Yu Youren’s dedication to Lu When Zhang Daqian visited Singapore in 1956, he spent an entire month with Lu to share some art insights and skills including Zhang's famous "three whites" of Chinese beauties. "Three whites" refer to the parts of the face where there are no colors such as the forehead, nose and chin. Zhang, an animal lover and pet owner of several different types of monkeys, guided Lu on the techniques of painting monkeys. According to Zhang, the secret to painting monkeys is not in the monkeys, but the trees they climb on. Zhang visited Singapore again in 1963 when Lu was a patron for Zhang's exhibition. During that time, Zhang autographed and gave Lu his photo with Picasso during their 1956 summit meeting in Nice, France.Zhang’s photo with Picasso gifted to Lu Zhang also gave Lu a calligraphy to commemorate their personal friendship.Zhang Daqian’s dedication to Lu Wu Zishen, who dedicated a calligraphy to Lu in 1967,Wu Zishen’s dedication to Lu said: "Steve Lu, the great art teacher of artists, unites the best of ancient and modern Chinese and western art." Wu (1893-1972), the founder of Suzhou Art Academy in 1928, was an artist, calligrapher and poet. He was also a doctor of the traditional Chinese school of medicine. Artistic career Lu's calligraphy works include various ancient rudimentary calligraphy styles. Those were written on tortoise shell and bone in the Shang Dynasty (11-16th century BC) or on metal or stone. His calligraphy ranged from a "square style" of writing to scrawl and modern styles such as xingshu (running style) and caoshu (cursive style). An example of Lu's unorthodox approach is his 3,420 variations of 福 or fu, "good fortune."Why fu comes in 3,000 ways, Straits Times, January 22, 1986, Singapore For years, Lu studied how calligraphers wrote this word. In his exploration, Lu found new ways of writing it by combining the left radical of the word by Wang Xizhi (a calligrapher in Jin Dynasty, AD 265-420) with the right component of the word by Su Dongpo (writer, AD 1036-1101). After spending decades developing and writing them, Lu finally completed the artwork of 3,420 variants of fu in 12 paintings in 1984. Lu has also specialized in seal carving.Steve can 'carve' names, New Nation, August 12, 1974, SingaporeSignature of Power, Citizen, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 37, April 1984, Singapore This requires in-depth research into original Chinese characters dating as far back as the Han and Qin dynasties. The most challenging aspect of this art form is the ability to view things in reverse.The artist who has to look at things in reverse, Straits Times, November 15, 1979, Singapore As young as six years old, Lu started studying the art of seal carving. By nine, he was using his own seals on his paintings. By 12, Lu sold his first carved seal. Since then, Lu has carved seals for many world leaders such as Queen Elizabeth, President Reagan, Prime Minister Thatcher, and the UN Secretary-General, Kurt Waldheim.Lu makes a name for himself among VIPs, Straits Times, June 9, 1983, Singapore Lu's style in figure painting is a fusion of traditional brush strokes including sanbai taught by Zhang as well as Western figure drawing. Later, Lu turned his attention to the study of dunhuang (), a type of popular ancient Chinese paintings. He developed a style that re-created various female religious figures from the Dunhuang caves as well as other mythological female figures and goddesses such as Guanyin. Lu's works=Publications= * Face Painting in Chinese Opera (1968), a book on the symbolism of face painting * Illustrations for the Malay edition of The Good Earth (1963) by the Nobel Prize winning author Pearl S. Buck * Practical Art Design (1956), a book for beginners to encourage their studies of art * Folk Painting Album (1951), a bound volume of cartoons originally published in the Chinese Folk Painting Magazine in Formosa, now Taiwan Lu's paintings span multiple genres: * Traditional Chinese maiden figures and famous classical and legendary characters * Religious figures – Buddha and Guanyin (Quan Yin) and mythical beings such as the Eight Immortals * Animals – horses, tigers, dragons, fishes, birds, and monkeys * Flora – bamboos,Way of the bamboo stems and Steve, New Nation, August 10, 1974, Singapore peonies, and orchids * Serene Chinese landscapes = Exhibitions = *1967 April – Chinese Chamber of Commerce, SingaporeWell-known artist to open oriental art institution, Straits Times, April 3, 1967, Singapore *1967 December – National Library of Singapore, SingaporeNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), December 10, 1967, page 9 *1974 August – Organized by Metro Holdings etc., Singapore *1975 September – Fundraiser for St. Andrew's Hospital, Victoria Memorial Hall, SingaporeNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), September 16, 1975, page 20 *1975 November – National Library of Singapore, SingaporeNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), November 15, 1975, page 29Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), November 24, 1975, page 19 *1976 April – Za Huo Hang Hall, Ipoh, MalaysiaPhoto of Lu with Malay organizers *1976 June – The Dewan Sri Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *1976 December – Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum, Johor Bahru, Malaysia *1978 January – Friends of Art Exhibition, Chinese Chamber of Commerce, SingaporeNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), January 8, 1978, page 14Nanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), January 13, 1978, page 22 *1986 March – Chinese Calligraphy, Cathay Art Gallery, Singapore *1987 November – Dragon & Fish Paintings & Calligraphy Exhibition, Cathay Art Gallery, SingaporeLianhe Zaobao, November 12, 1987, page 4 *1988 January–February – Central Atrium, Raffles City, SingaporeLianhe Zaobao, January 24, 1988, page 55 *1988 November – International Art Exhibition, Hunan, ChinaLianhe Zaobao, November 19, 1988, page 9 = Art events and commercial projects = *1940 – Winner of Kiangsu dragon-painting competition, China *1946 – Dragon painting for Nanking Shanghai Department Store Ltd., China *1968 – Dragon painting for Hong Leong Finance Ltd. *1970 – Album cover design for a music records companyNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), March 2, 1970, page 15 *1973 – Large welcoming banner for a press event by Rollei CameraNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), March 1, 1973, page 20 *1975 – Dragon painting for American Express International Banking Corporation *1975 – Dragon painting for HSBC, Singapore *1976 – Judge at Children's Art Competition, SingaporeNanyang Siang Pau (南洋商报), August 4, 1976, page 20 *1976 – Galloping Horse painting for Guinness Stout *1978 – Dragon painting for Far East magazine *1982 – “Majulah Singapura” painting for the lobby of Hong Kong Bank, HSBC, Singapore *1986 – Flying Horse painted for DHL International *1994 – Calendar designed for Cape PLC with Lu's original calligraphy *1999 – Dragon painting for Deutsche BankLu painting a dragon at Raffles City Exhibition in 1988 See also Zhang Daqian, Pu Ru, Yu Youren, Liu Haisu References Category:People's Republic of China calligraphers Category:Chinese contemporary artists Category:1919 births Category:Living people Category:Taiwanese calligraphers Category:Singaporean artists Category:Artists from Jiangsu Category:Writers from Jiangsu Category:Chinese seal artists "
"All Your Friend's Friends is a hip hop album released by K Records on November 11, 2014. It was produced by Thee Xntrx (Eprhyme and Smoke of Oldominion, who also appear on the album) and pairs verses from various Pacific Northwest rappers with samples from older K Records artists, including punk and indie rock bands. Rappers on the compilation include The Chicharones, MG! The Visionary, and members of Oldominion, while samples are taken from Mirah, The Microphones, and Jeremy Jay. Background and production Rapper/producers Eprhyme and Smoke conceived of the project while collaborating on the former's solo album Dopestylevsky (2011). During that album's production, Eprhyme and Smoke began discussing Madlib's Shades of Blue and decided to attempt a similar project with K Records artists, getting permission from founder Calvin Johnson to access the label's archives. Artists sampled included Jeremy Jay, Ashley Eriksson, Mirah, Beat Happening, the Microphones, and Chain and the Gang. Release The album was released on November 11, 2014. A music video for lead single "Jumpkick the Legs", released on October 27, was filmed at the Evergreen State College and features 11 MCs trading verses. Critical reception All Your Friend's Friends received mixed to positive reviews. AllMusic's Mark Deming wrote, "What could have been a clumsy lo-fi variation on the Judgment Night original soundtrack instead turns out to be an interesting and genuinely satisfying collision of two distant but related independent cultures, and if you're interested in the more original sides of either indie rock or alternative rap, this is more than worth your attention." Sameer Rao of the Philadelphia City Paper said that the album "really should not be this good" and concluded, "Evocative snippets compel repeat listens on this respectable compilation." Larry Mizell, Jr. of The Stranger described it as "the first notable hiphop compilation in years" and said he would "love to see this release signal the return of the compilation, the crew album, the individual-ego-eschewing strength-in-numbers model." Tom Haugen of New Noise Magazine praised K Records for "continuing their tradition of exposing underappreciated outfits," saying "There isn’t a dud in the bunch." Track listing #"Cynic Syndrome" (Candidt, Zikki Carr, Onry Ozzborn) – 2:49 #"Real Life Game" (The Chicharones) – 3:07 #"Evolve Away" (Xperience) – 3:03 #"Good Bad Girl" (Heddie Leone) – 2:59 #"Find Your Shine" (Ang P, Poeina Suddartha, MG! The Visionary, Wildcard) – 4:16 #"Where the Free People Go" (AKA) – 3:01 #"Trial By Water" (Eprhyme, IAME) – 3:16 #"Pizza Chef" (Free Whiskey) – 3:10 #"3D Monocle" (Bishop, Gold, JFK, Smoke) – 3:25 #"My Shady Gangster Unle Kaiser" (Zikki Carr, Nyqwil, Xperience) – 4:27 #"Dancefloor on the Warpath" (Smoke) – 3:44 #"Nothing Grows in a Flood" (Barfly) – 2:33 #"Blackfist Brokenfont" (Nyqwil, Silent Lambs Project) – 3:33 #"Work Is the Principle" (Afrok, Ang P, Puget, MG! The Visionary) – 3:37 #"We Never Look Up" (Gold, IAME, Miz) – 3:44 #"Simplify Complex" (Saints of Everyday Failures, Alli Baker) – 3:56 #"Ashen Embers" (Xperience) – 4:19 #"Jumpkick the Legs" (Hashtronaut, Candidt, Zikki Carr, Jesus Chris, Heretic, DJ Luvva J, Miz, Nicatine, Ang P, Shellz Sck, Swamptiger, Xperience) – 3:55 #"Welcome to Forever" (Simple, Smoke) – 3:51 Personnel *Eprhyme – executive producer, featured artist *Smoke – producer, engineer, mixing, mastering, sampling, sequencing *Gregory Welker – design, layout, artwork *Alli Baker – violin ("Simplify Complex", "Welcome to Forever") *Skyler Blake – guitar, EBow ("Real Life Game") *Danny Haigh – piano ("Find Your Shine", "We Never Look Up") *Thomas Deakin – trumpet ("Evolve Away") References Category:2014 albums Category:K Records albums Category:Alternative hip hop albums "