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"John Barraclough Fell John Barraclough Fell (1815 - 18 October 1902) was an English railway engineer and inventor of the Fell mountain railway system.Rigg, A. N. John Barraclough Fell, Railway Contractor (1996, Reeds Limited) (no ISBN) Fell spent the early part of his life in London, living with his parents. About 1835 he moved with them to the Lake District. In 1840, he married a 25-year-old woman named Martha in Kirkstall, West Yorkshire."Bilbroughs of Gildersome and Morley, Third Generation", ancestry.com In the 1840s he worked on the first of several railways he would help construct: the Furness and Whitehaven Railway. He continued working professionally on railways while living in Italy in the 1850s. Fell helped construct several early Italian lines, including the Central of Italy, the Maremma, and the Genoa and Voltri. He frequently crossed Mont Cenis, between Italy and France, by road, and this reportedly inspired him to create his Fell Centre-Rail System. The Fell Centre-Rail System tackled the problem of trains climbing and descending steep gradients, which was often necessary until improvements in tunnelling were developed. In Fell's system, a third rail was run between the two rails of the train tracks, and was gripped on its sides by additional drive wheels on a specially designed locomotive as well as the brake pads of a special brake van. Back in England, a patent was issued to Fell for the idea in 1863. He conducted experiments with his system in 1864–65 on a purpose built railway near Whaley Bridge adjacent to - and, at one point, passing under - the Bunsal Incline of the Cromford and High Peak Railway at gradients of 1 in 13 and 1 in 12, with curves up to 2.5 chains radius W.H. Hoult (1961) Fell's Experimental Railway in Derbyshire, The Railway Magazine, January, p. 48-51 (Maps and photographs included). The tests attracted attention of the governments of Britain and France, and the first railway using the Fell Centre-Rail System was a temporary one built in 1866–67 over the Mont Cenis Pass, the same Mont Cenis that had served as Fell's inspiration. This railway was used from 1868 to 1871, primarily to transport English mail to India as part of the All Red Route. It was replaced by the then in progress Mont Cenis Tunnel after only three years because improvements in tunnelling shortened construction time of the 13.6 kilometre tunnel. Its worth proven in practice, other railways subsequently used the Fell system, including the Estrada de Ferro Cantagalo (Cantagalo Railway) in Brazil, and the New Zealand Railways Department for the Rimutaka Incline and for braking only on the Rewanui and Roa Inclines. Several other railways used the system for many years, sometimes only for braking. Fell also experimented with other kinds of railways, including early light rail systems, such as the Yarlside Iron Mines tramway; and rapid-construction field railways for the British War Office, such as the Aldershot Narrow Gauge Suspension Railway. His son, G. Noble Fell, helped him with some of his research. Fell related in his later years his three greatest achievements: # launching the first steamer on the English Lakes # starting the first railway in Italy # carrying the first railway over the Alps He pioneered the Malta Railway, now defunct, the only railway system ever built in Malta. The zoologist Dr Barry Fell was a grandson. Legacy The Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man still uses the Fell system for braking. A steam engine which entered service in 1877 is preserved in the Fell Locomotive Museum at Featherston, New Zealand. References Further reading * The Mont Cenis Fell Railway, P. J. G. Ransom, Category:1815 births Category:1902 deaths Category:English railway mechanical engineers Category:Engineers from London Category:British inventors "
"Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu (also rendered Yakub Kadri; ; 27 March 1889 – 13 December 1974) was a Turkish novelist, journalist, diplomat, and member of parliament. Biography Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, was born in Cairo on 27 March 1889. He was the son of Abdülkadir Bey, a member of the which started to gain a reputation in the 17th century around the Manisa region. His mother was İkbal Hanım, a woman in İsmail Paşa's palace community. Until the age of six, he was raised in Cairo, after which his family moved to their homeland, Manisa. He completed his primary education in Manisa, and in 1903, the family moved to İzmir. He was journalist with İkdam during the Turkish War of Independence and after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, a representative of Manisa to the Grand National Assembly from 1931 to 1934. From 1934 to 1955, he was a diplomat in various European and Middle Eastern capitals. Following his return to Turkey, he worked in journalism and was the editor of Ulus in 1957. In 1961, he was a representative of the constituent assembly of the National Unity Committee following the 1960 coup d'état. His last political position was again as a representative of Manisa to the Grand National Assembly from 1961 to 1965. In 1966, he was elected chairman of the Anadolu Agency. He died at the in Ankara on 13 December 1974. He was buried next to his mother's tomb in in Istanbul. Works Yakup Kadri's first work was published in 1913. His novel Yaban (Stranger, 1932) depicts the bitter experiences of a Turkish intellectual, Ahmet Celal, in the countryside after losing his arm in the Battle of Gallipoli. Though categorized as naturalist, the novel has a romantic, anti-pastoral quality. His novel Panorama analyzes the political, social, and economical changes during the transition period from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Republic of Turkey. It is considered to be a "generation novel" as the story is based on the lives of several generations of the same family during this transitional period. He was one of the theorists of the Kadro movement. Bibliography * "Bir Serencam" (An Adventure) (1913) An Event or Result * "Kiralık Konak" (The Rented Mansion) (1922) * "Nur Baba" (Baba Nur) (1922) * "Rahmet" (Mercy) (1923) * "Hüküm Gecesi" (Night of Provision) (1927) Night of Verdict * "Sodom ve Gomore" (Sodom and Gomorrah) (1928) * "Yaban" (Strange) (1932) A stranger or a Wild One * "Ankara" (1934) * "Ahmet Haşim" (1934) * "Bir Sürgün" (A Deportation) (1937) An Exile * "Atatürk" (1946) * "Panorama 1" (1950) * "Panorama 2" (1954) * "Zoraki Diplomat" (Forced Diplomat) (1954) Pseudo Diplomat * "Hep O Şarkı" (Always The Same Song)(1956) * "Anamın Kitabı" (The Book of My Mother) (1957) * "Vatan Yolunda" (On The Path of the Nation (1958) * "Politikada 45 Yıl" (1968) * "Gençlik ve Edebiyat Hatıraları" (Memoirs of Youth and Literature) (1969) References * Edebiyatogretmeni.net - Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Category:1889 births Category:1974 deaths Category:People from Cairo Category:Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians Category:Deputies of Mardin Category:Deputies of Manisa Category:Turkish novelists Category:Turkish journalists Category:Turkish diplomats Category:Members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Category:Ambassadors of Turkey to Iran Category:Ambassadors of Turkey to the Netherlands Category:Ambassadors of Turkey to Switzerland Category:20th-century novelists Category:20th-century journalists "
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