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"Lines per inch (LPI) is a measurement of printing resolution. A line consists of halftones that is built up by physical ink dots made by the printer device to create different tones. Specifically LPI is a measure of how close together the lines in a halftone grid are. The quality of printer device or screen determines how high the LPI will be. High LPI indicates greater detail and sharpness. Printed magazines and newspapers often use a halftone system. Typical newsprint paper is not very dense, and has relatively high dot gain or color bleeding, so newsprint is usually around 85 LPI. Higher-quality paper, such as that used in commercial magazines, has less dot gain, and can range up to 300 LPI with quality glossy (coated) paper. In order to effectively utilize the entire range of available LPI in a halftone system, an image selected for printing generally must have 1.5 to 2 times as many samples per inch (SPI). For instance, if the target output device is capable of printing at 100 LPI, an optimal range for a source image would be 150 to 200 SPI. Using fewer SPI than this would not make full use of the printer's available LPI; using more SPI than this would exceed the capability of the printer, and quality would be effectively lost. Another device that uses the LPI specification is the graphics tablet. Conversion to DPI Conversion of the LPI to the DPI is done by simple multiplication: : 150 LPI x 16 = 2400 DPI See also *Display resolution *Dots per inch *Pixels per inch *Samples per inch References External links * Measuring Resolution Inch by Inch, an article about how LPI relates to DPI, SPI, and PPI Category:Printing Category:Units of density "
"F-theory is a branch of string theory developed by Cumrun Vafa. The new vacua described by F-theory were discovered by Vafa and allowed string theorists to construct new realistic vacua — in the form of F-theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi–Yau four-folds. The letter "F" supposedly stands for "Father".Michio Kaku: The Universe Is a Symphony of Vibrating Strings - YouTube Compactifications F-theory is formally a 12-dimensional theory, but the only way to obtain an acceptable background is to compactify this theory on a two-torus. By doing so, one obtains type IIB superstring theory in 10 dimensions. The SL(2,Z) S-duality symmetry of the resulting type IIB string theory is manifest because it arises as the group of large diffeomorphisms of the two-dimensional torus. More generally, one can compactify F-theory on an elliptically fibered manifold (elliptic fibration), i.e. a fiber bundle whose fiber is a two-dimensional torus (also called an elliptic curve). For example, a subclass of the K3 manifolds is elliptically fibered, and F-theory on a K3 manifold is dual to heterotic string theory on a two-torus. Also, the moduli spaces of those theories should be isomorphic. The large number of semirealistic solutions to string theory referred to as the string theory landscape, with 10^{272,000} elements or so, is dominated by F-theory compactifications on Calabi–Yau four-folds. There are about 10^{15} of those solutions consistent with the Standard Model of particle physics. [1903.00009] A Quadrillion Standard Models from F-theory Phenomenology New models of Grand Unified Theory have recently been developed using F-theory. Extra time dimensions F-theory, as it has metric signature (11,1), as needed for the Euclidean interpretation of the compactification spaces (e.g. the four-folds), is not a "two-time" theory of physics. However, the signature of the two additional dimensions is somewhat ambiguous due to their infinitesimal character. For example, the supersymmetry of F-theory on a flat background corresponds to type IIB (i.e. (2,0)) supersymmetry with 32 real supercharges which may be interpreted as the dimensional reduction of the chiral real 12-dimensional supersymmetry if its spacetime signature is (10,2). In (11,1) dimensions, the minimum number of components would be 64. The superfield C being a cocycle of the ordinary 4-differential cohomology on Calabi-Yau varieties of moduli spaces of line bundles which under decomposition into various cup product associated with a divisor of the CY4, yields intermediate Jacobians and Artin-Mazur formal groups of degrees of maximum three (0,1,2). See also * Dilaton * Axion * M-theory References Category:String theory "
"The Michelin Tyre Man Bibendum in Taipei, 2008 Bibendum, commonly referred to in English as the Michelin Man or Michelin Tyre Man, is the official mascot of the Michelin tyre company. A humanoid figure consisting of stacked white tyres, the mascot was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition of 1894 where the Michelin brothers had a stand, and is one of the world's oldest trademarks. The slogan Nunc est bibendum (Now is the time to drink) is taken from Horace's Odes (book I, ode xxxvii, line 1). He is also referred to as Bib or Bibelobis. Michelin dominated the French tyre industry for decades and remains a leading player in the market. It was one of the leading advertisers; to this day its famous guidebooks are widely used by travellers. Bibendum was depicted visually as a lord of industry, a master of all he surveyed, and a patriotic exponent of the French spirit. In the 1920s, Bibendum urged Frenchmen to adopt America's superior factory system, but to patriotically avoid using the "inferior" products of those factories. As automobiles became available to the middle classes, Michelin advertising likewise shifted downscale, and its restaurant and hotel guides likewise covered a broader range of price categories.Stephen L. Harp, Marketing Michelin. Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth-Century France (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) Development O'Galop" of Bibendum, the Michelin Man, produced in 1898. While attending the Universal and Colonial Exposition in Lyon in 1894, Édouard and André Michelin noticed a stack of tyres that suggested to Édouard the figure of a man without arms. Four years later, André met French cartoonist Marius Rossillon, popularly known as O'Galop, who showed him a rejected image he had created for a Munich brewery — a large, regal figure holding a huge glass of beer and quoting Horace's phrase Nunc est bibendum ("Now is the time for drinking").Horace, Odes, Book 1, Poem 37.. André immediately suggested replacing the man with a figure made from tyres. Thus O'Galop transformed the earlier image into Michelin's symbol. Today, Bibendum is one of the world's most recognised trademarks, representing Michelin in over 150 countries. The 1898 poster showed him offering the toast to his scrawny competitors with a glass full of road hazards, with the title and the tag ("That is to say: Here's to your health. The Michelin tyre drinks up obstacles"). The character's glass is filled with nails and broken glass. The implication is that Michelin tyres will easily take on road hazards. The company used this basic poster format for fifteen years, adding its latest products to the table in front of the figure. It is unclear when the word "Bibendum" came to be the name of the character himself. At the latest, it was in 1908, when Michelin commissioned Curnonsky to write a newspaper column signed "Bibendum". In 1922, Michelin ran a contest for "naming the Michelin Tire Man" in the United States.advertisement, Saturday Evening Post 194:56 (March 4, 1922), p. 53 From 1912 onwards, tyres became black in colour because carbon was added as a preservative and a strengthener to the basic rubber material. Before then, they were a gray-white or light and translucent-beige colour. Bibendum's appearance also changed, becoming black. Though Michelin briefly featured him that way in several print ads, it quickly changed back his appearance, citing printing and aesthetic issues for the change, and not racial concerns as commonly believed. The name of the plump tyre-man has entered the language to describe someone obese or wearing comically bulky clothing (e.g. "How can I wrap up warmly without looking like the Michelin Man?"). Bibendum's shape has changed over the years. O'Galop's logo was based on bicycle tyres, wore pince- nez glasses with lanyard, and smoked a cigar. By the 1980s, Bibendum was being shown running, and in 1998, his 100th anniversary, a slimmed-down version became the company's new logo. He had long since given up the cigar and pince- nez. The slimming of the logo reflected lower-profile, smaller tyres of modern cars. Bib even had a similar-looking puppy as a companion when the duo were CGI animated for recent American television advertisements. A history of the emblem was written by Olivier Darmon and published in 1997: Le Grand Siècle de Bibendum; Paris: Hoëbeke.Also in English and German: One Hundred Years of Michelin Man; translated from the French by Bernard Besserglik; Paris: Hoëbeke, 1997; Michelin Man: 100 years of Bibendum; London: Conran Octopus, 1998.--Bibendum: ein Jahrhundert Geschichte; aus dem Französischen von Herta Luise Ott. In popular culture Bibendum is one of several advertising characters featured in this advertisement from 1920 The "Bibendum chair" was designed by Eileen Gray in 1925. Cayce Pollard, the main character of William Gibson's novel Pattern Recognition, has a strong aversion to corporate brands and logos. The sight of Bibendum in particular gives her panic attacks. Bibendum made a brief guest appearance in the Asterix series, as the chariot- wheel dealer in certain translations, including the English one, of Asterix in Switzerland. (The original French version used the Gaulish warrior mascot of French service-station company Antar.) Michelin sued the performance artist Momus for releasing a song about the trademarked Michelin Man. French reggae band Tryo sang about Bibendum on their album Grain de Sable. ('Mr Bibendum, he is truly enormous, Mr Bibendum; happiness personified'). In the 2009 animated, Academy Award-winning satire Logorama, a series of Bibendums play police detectives, a sheriff, and a squad of SWAT personnel who all work together to try to bring down a psychotic, ultraviolent criminal played by Ronald McDonald. In Season 17 Episode 6 of Family Guy, "Stand by Meg", the Michelin Man was "murdered" by Chris Griffin on behalf of "Mr. Firestone". He later shows up at the Griffin house with the police, pointing to Chris as "the one who popped me". In the French dubbed version of Ghostbusters the giant Stay Puft Marshmallow Man is named "Bibendum Chamallow" ("chamallow" was originally a confectionery marketed in France under this name, which vaguely resembles the American marshmallow). LEGO released the Stay Puft Bibendum Chamallow minifigure in its 2015 edition of the fun pack set. References External links * Bibimage.com, Unofficial site dedicated to Bibendum. Category:Automobile advertising characters Category:Cartoon mascots Category:Corporate mascots Category:Mascots introduced in 1894 Category:Michelin "