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"The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (, Hrvatska znanstvena bibliografija Mirko Valentić: Stogodišnji hrvatsko-turski rat (1493-1593) \- Od kraja 15. st. do kraja Prvoga svjetskog rata, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2005, Kraljevina Hrvatska i Kraljevina Ugarska Kratka politicka i kulturna povijest Hrvatske Stogodišnji rat protiv Turaka, Filozofski fakultet u Mostaru Kolegij Hrvatska povijest srednjega vijeka] Deseta gimnazija Ivan Supek, Zagreb Zbirka zadataka za 2. razred Stogodišnji rat s Osmanlijama ARHiNET arhivski informacijski sistem) is the name for a sequence of conflicts, mostly of relatively low intensity, ("Small War", Croatian: Mali rat) between the Ottoman Empire and the medieval Kingdom of Croatia (ruled by the Jagiellon and Zápolya dynasties), and the later Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia. Pope Leo X called Croatia the Antemurale Christianitatis ("Bulwark of Christianity") in 1519, given that Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Turks. The advancement of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was stopped in 1593 on Croatian soil (Battle of Sisak). Nevertheless, the Muslim Ottoman Empire occupied parts of Croatia from the 16th to the end of the 17th century. Time span There are several different variations about the exact length of the war. According to one group of historians, the war began with the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493, and ended with the Battle of Sisak in 1593. Hrvatski studiji Studij povijesti According to the other group of historians, the war lasted from the second half of the 15th century and into the entire 16th century. Hercegbosna.org Mladen Ančić: Hrvatski ulog u Bosni, 2. prosinca 2009. A third group of historians mark the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606 as the end of the war. The war was won by the Ottoman's defeat upon their advance on the Kupa river border, with the remainder of Croatia's territory consisting of only 16,800 km². Milan Kruhek: Granice Hrvatskog Kraljevstva u međunarodnim državnim ugovorima, Povijesni prilozi 10/1991., str.37-39, ISSN 0351-9767 In light of the human and territorial loss, and also from the modern Croatian Romanticist point of view, the 15th and 16th centuries were known as the "Two centuries of Croatia in mourning" () in the lyric-epic poem of Pavao Ritter Vitezović from 1703. ARHiNET arhivski informacijski sistem Pavao Ritter Vitezović Battlefield The battlefields were concentrated in the central- eastern areas of the Kingdom of Croatia, stretching from the eastern border of the pre-Ottoman times to the eastern border of the "reliquiae reliquiarum olim inclyti regni Croatiae" ("remnants of the remnants of the once great kingdom of Croatia"). After the 1493 Croatian defeat at Krbava, the Ottomans started the occupation of significant forts: Knin and Skradin fell in 1522. The Battle of Mohács happened in 1526. Jajce fell in 1528, Požega in 1536, Klis fell in 1537, Nadin and Vrana in 1538, moving the Croatian-Ottoman border to the line, roughly, Požega-Bihać-Velebit-Zrmanja-Cetina. By the end of 1540, the Ottoman Empire occupied the Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin, eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory in Dalmatia. By 1573, the remainder of the Dalmatian hinterland, now largely controlled by the Venetian cities, was even further reduced by Ottoman advances. Kingdom of Croatia (pale brown), Republic of Dubrovnik (yellow), possession of Republic of Venice on Croatian coast (orange), and Ottoman Empire's Pashalik of Bosnia (green) in 1606. International impact Although the Croatian Kingdom suffered major defeats in battles, it remained in existence, keeping its identity, religion, and culture under the Habsburg Monarchy. In addition, some Croats in the territories lost to the Ottomans remained because the Porte embraced ethnic diversity, many of them eventually converting to Islam throughout the following centuries of Ottoman rule. The Croatian combat against the Ottomans did not remain unnoticed in the political circles of European states. Copious amounts of information from the war was written in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Codex diplomaticus partium Regno Hungariae adnexarum from 1903 (over 600 documents). Type of conflicts During those 100 years (or 150 years, depending on criteria), the war on the territory of Kingdom of Croatia was overall a series of smaller armed conflicts ("small war") over the long duration of the war (in other words, armies were not always in constant battle.) The Ottoman tactic consisted of persistent loot and scorching raids whose aim was to intimidate and demoralize the local civil inhabitants, to exhaust the economic opportunities and disable the normal economic life on the frontier areas. On the other side, Croatian and allied Christian forces implemented counterattacks, especially in the first phases of war, when they were still able to apply the counterattacking or the offensive tactics. Despite these destructive tactics, the armies did sometimes clash. Sometimes the local armies intercepted or pursued the raiders in their return from the raid. There was also more intense military actions, such as the Battle of Krbava Field or the Battle of Sisak. Zones of war peril The war-endangered areas can be classified in three zones: *The first zone was the territory of Kingdom of Croatia, that had no effective control by both sides, as well as the parts of Kingdom of Croatia that were heavily struck by the Ottoman military and paramilitary operations. This zone was up to 50 km deep in the Croatian territory. It mostly covered the areas along the border and the later-formed Military Frontier. The infrastructure and the supra-structure became ruined and devastated, and the economic life suffered. This zone had high rate of emigration, mostly to the second and the third zones, along with emigrations abroad. *The second zone was from time to time exposed to the raids of the Ottoman regular and irregular forces. The area was controlled by the Croatian authorities and the economic life was still somewhat functioning. Population level was steady and received a continuous inflow of displacees from the first zone. The Croatian nobles used this zone as the support point and the base for the defense or for the attempts of retaking of their estates in the first zone. These areas lived as economic support of the armies. *The third zone was mostly Ottoman raid-safe zone, in which the majority of the zone had no Ottoman raids, although few areas were subjected to Ottoman raids. ReferencesBibliography *Milan Kruhek: Granice Hrvatskog Kraljevstva u međunarodnim državnim ugovorima, Povijesni prilozi 10/1991, p. 37-79, ISSN 0351-9767 *Ferdo Šišić: Pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600.-1526. Category:15th-century conflicts Category:16th- century conflicts Category:Ottoman period in the history of Croatia "
"Wraparound, wrap around, or wrap-around is anything that wraps around something. It may more specifically refer to: Apparel * Wraparound sunglasses or goggles * Wraparound baby sling, or wrap, a piece of cloth that supports a baby * Wraparound clothing, also known as wrapper, e.g., wrap- around dress or archaic wraparound, scarf, shoal, tunics Arts, entertainment, and media=Music * Wrap Around Joy, 1974 album by Carole King * "Wrap Around Shades", a song on the 1995 Zumpano album Look What the Rookie Did * "Wrapped Around", country song by Brad Paisley Games and gaming * Wrap-around straight, a non-standard poker hand * Wraparound (video games), gameplay element Other arts, entertainment, and media * Wraparound animation short, * Wraparound cover, e.g.: ** Book cover, protective covering binding the pages of a book **CD/DVD case ** Wraparound sleeve, for a record * Wraparound program, in television broadcasting Business, finance, and insurance * Wraparound mortgage, more commonly known as a "wrap", a form of secondary financing for the purchase of real property * Wraparound vehicle service agreement, a form of extended warranty Sports * Wrap around, a hockey move * Wrap around, a trick done on a skateboard while freestyle skateboarding * Wraparound, a generally individual action used by basketball players to pass by defenders Other uses * Wraparound (childcare), an intensive, individualized care management process for youths with serious or complex needs * Wraparound, or integer overflow, numerical overflow * Wraparound bridge, guitar bridge * Wraparound corkscrew, rollercoaster * Wraparound couch, a type of sofa * Wrap around MRI artifact See also * Cover (disambiguation) * Scroll (disambiguation) * Word wrap, in word processing * Wrap (disambiguation) * * * * "
"The Free Knowledge Foundation (FKF; ) is an organization aiming to promote Free Knowledge, including Free Software and Free Standards. It was founded in 2004 and is based in Madrid, Spain. Pablo Machón has been FKF's president since 2004. In 2005, the Foundation appointed Richard Stallman as Patron of Honor.Interview with Richard Stallman published in El País, where he is asked about being appointed as Fundación Conocimiento Libre (FKF)'s Patron of Honor In 2006 the FKF becameFKF and FSFE teaming up: FKF official associate organisation of FSF Europe an associate organization of the Free Software Foundation Europe.FSFE Associate Organisations Libremeeting FKF organizes LibreMeeting,Libremeeting article in El Pais (in Spanish) the International Free Knowledge Meeting of Madrid. It is usually held at La Cristelera Residence, in the town of Miraflores de la Sierra, 50 km. away from Madrid. The Foundation presents the libre.org awards at LibreMeeting. These awards are honored to people or organizations that promote free knowledge. Some of the recipients are: * Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra, Extremadura's former President * Esteban González Pons, Spanish Popular Party's politicianNews item published in El País about Esteban González Pons talk at the FKF presentation * The Spanish SenateEuropa Press news item published in Noticias.com about the Spanish Senate Libre.org Award * Juan Alberto Belloch,News item published in El País about Juan Alberto Belloch being awarded by the FKF Spanish ex- minister of Justice and Interior and Mayor of Zaragoza * The Junta de Andalucía (Andalusian Autonomous Government) * The Generalitat Valenciana (Valencian Autonomous Government) * The Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade Event participation and organization The FKF organizes other events apart from Libremeeting, and participates with speakers at relevant international events related to Free Software and Free Knowledge. See also * Open Knowledge Foundation References External links *Free Knowledge Foundation *Free Knowledge Foundation alternate page *Weblog of Manuel Gualda, from the FKF Team (in Spanish) Category:Foundations based in Spain Category:Open content Category:Access to Knowledge movement Category:Public domain Category:Organizations established in 2004 "