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"Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679 (1871), is a United States Supreme Court case. The case was based upon a dispute regarding the Third or Walnut Street Presbyterian Church in Louisville, Kentucky.. The Court held that in adjudications of church property disputes, 1) courts cannot rule on the truth or falsity of a religious teaching, 2) where a previous authority structure existed before the dispute, courts should defer to the decision of that structure, and 3) in the absence of such an internal authority structure, courts should defer to the wishes of a majority of the congregation. Because the Walnut Street Presbyterian Church had a clear internal authority structure, the court granted control of the property to that group, even though it was only supported by a minority of the congregation. The first such case was Watson v. Jones, which was decided on common–law grounds in a diversity action without explicit reliance on the First Amendment. A constitutionalization of the rule was made in Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, in which the Court held unconstitutional a state statute that recognized the autonomy and authority of those North American branches of the Russian Orthodox Church which had declared their independence from the general church. Recognizing that Watson v. Jones had been decided on nonconstitutional grounds, the Court thought nonetheless that the opinion “radiates . . . a spirit of freedom for religious organizations, and independence from secular control or manipulation—in short, power to decide for themselves, free from state interference, matters of church government as well as those of faith and doctrine.” The power of civil courts to resolve church property disputes was severely circumscribed, the Court held, because to permit resolution of doctrinal disputes in court was to jeopardize First Amendment values. What a court must do, it was held, is to look at the church rules: if the church is a hierarchical one which reposes determination of ecclesiastical issues in a certain body, the resolution by that body is determinative, while if the church is a congregational one prescribing action by a majority vote, that determination will prevail. On the other hand, a court confronted with a church property dispute could apply “neutral principles of law, developed for use in all property disputes,” when to do so would not require resolution of doctrinal issues. In a later case the Court elaborated on the limits of proper inquiry, holding that an argument over a matter of internal church government, the power to reorganize the dioceses of a hierarchical church in this country, was “at the core of ecclesiastical affairs” and a court could not interpret the church constitution to make an independent determination of the power but must defer to the interpretation of the body authorized to decide. ReferencesExternal links * Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Chase Court Category:1872 in United States case law "
"The Bunkhouse Stampede Finals was the third Bunkhouse Stampede professional wrestling event produced by Jim Crockett Promotions under the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) banner. It was the only Bunkhouse Stampede event to air as a pay-per-view (PPV) event. The event took place on January 24, 1988 from the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. In the main event, Dusty Rhodes won a Steel Cage Bunkhouse Stampede. On the undercard Ric Flair successfully defended the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Road Warrior Hawk, Nikita Koloff successfully defended the NWA World Television Championship against Bobby Eaton and Barry Windham lost the short- lived NWA Western States Heritage Championship to Larry Zbyzsko. Storylines The event comprised four professional wrestling matches that involved wrestlers from pre-existing rivalries, plots and storylines that were played out on Worldwide, Pro and World Championship Wrestling-Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP)'s television programs. Wrestlers portrayed a hero, villain or a tweener as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or a series of matches. The main match heading into the event was the Steel Cage Bunkhouse Stampede. By December 26, Big Bubba Rogers, Arn Anderson, Tully Blanchard, The Barbarian and The Warlord, Lex Luger, Road Warrior Animal, Steve Williams, Mighty Wilbur and Ivan Koloff had qualified for the Bunkhouse Stampede final. The final participant was determined by a Wildcard Bunkhouse Stampede on January 1, which was won by Dusty Rhodes. Mighty Wilbur was injured and therefore was unable to compete in the final. No explanation was ever given as to why Steve Williams and Big Bubba Rogers did not compete in the final. Another rivalry heading into the event was between Ric Flair and Road Warrior Hawk for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. At Starrcade, Flair defeated Ron Garvin to win the title. On December 6, The Road Warriors (Hawk and Animal) defeated Flair and Arn Anderson by disqualification. On January 24 episode of World Championship Wrestling, Flair was scheduled to defend the title against Hawk at Bunkhouse Stampede. On January 3 episode of World Championship Wrestling, Jim Cornette, the manager of the NWA United States Tag Team Champions Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) predicted that Eaton would be the next NWA United States Heavyweight Champion and Lane the next NWA World Television Champion, resulting in a rivalry between Midnight Express and the US Champion Dusty Rhodes and the Television Champion Nikita Koloff. Rhodes and Koloff competed against Midnight Express in several Steel Cage matches at live events. This resulted in a Television Championship match between Koloff and Eaton at Bunkhouse Stampede. Event Before the event aired live on PPV, Sting and Jimmy Garvin defeated The Sheepherders (Butch Miller and Luke Williams) by disqualification in a non-televised tag team match. In prior weeks of TV it was mentioned that The Rock and Roll Express would face The Sheepherders at this event, but no explanation was ever given as to why this did not occur, although behind the scenes, both Morton and Gibson had left the promotion the day before. Preliminary matches When the live broadcast commenced, Nikita Koloff defended the NWA World Television Championship against Bobby Eaton in the opening match. Koloff started focusing on Eaton's arm but Eaton gained the control of the match. The action continued back and forth with both men exchanging moves. Eaton eventually regained momentum and performed a Diving Elbow Drop and a Hammerlock. Koloff finally got out of the Hammerlock but Eaton attacked Koloff again and performed a Missile Dropkick. Eaton applied another Hammerlock and Koloff got out of the move and tried to hit a Lariat, which he called Russian Sickle. However, Eaton caught Koloff's arm and applied a third Hammerlock. The action continued until Koloff performed a Russian Sickle and the twenty-minute time limit of the match expired. As a result, Koloff retained the title. In the next match, Barry Windham defended the NWA Western States Heritage Championship against Larry Zbyzsko. Windham controlled the earlier part of the match until Zbyzsko began focusing on Windham's injured knee and continued to attack it. Windham eventually made a comeback by performing a Powerslam. He tried to perform a Diving Elbow Drop but Zbyszko continued to attack his knee. Windham countered with a Dropkick and tried to perform a Backdrop Suplex but he suffered some pain in his knee that allowed Zbyszko to get a near-fall. Windham eventually gained control of the match by performing a Gutwrench Suplex and applied a Sleeper Hold. Zbyszko held the ropes to be released and rolled out, causing Windham to follow him. Zbyszko shoved him into the ringpost. Windham tried to perform a Lariat but Zbyszko collapsed and Windham fell to the floor. Zbyszko took advantage and smashed Windham's face on a ringside table. The action returned to the ring where Windham tried to perform a Sunset Flip but Zbyszko countered it with a near-fall. Zbyszko tried to perform a Swinging Neckbreaker but Windham countered it into a Backslide. Zbyszko tried to perform a Piledriver but Windham countered with a Back Body Drop, allowing both men to get knocked out. Zbyszko missed a charge on Windham into the corner, allowing Windham to hit ten punches in the corner. The referee was attacked by Zbyszko and Windham tried to pin him with a roll-up. Zbyzsko's valet Baby Doll gave him her shoe and Zbyzsko hit him with the shoe to win the championship. In the final match on the undercard Ric Flair defended the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Road Warrior Hawk. Hawk dominated Flair with his power moves, while Flair's moves seemed to have no effect on Hawk until Flair hit Hawk with a Low Blow, raked his eyes and delivered a Knee Drop. Flair started getting control of the match until Hawk performed a Shoulder Neckbreaker. After Hawk missed a Jumping Fist Drop, Flair applied a Figure Four Leglock. Flair eventually broke the hold and tried to climb the top rope but Hawk tossed him down. Hawk performed a Clothesline on both Flair and the referee. Flair was clotheslined outside the ring and also pulled Hawk outside the ring, where Hawk hit him with a powerslam. Hawk performed a Superplex and tried to pin him but Flair's manager James J. Dillon broke the attempt with a chair. Hawk's manager Paul Ellering woke up the referee as Flair nailed Hawk with a chair, for which he was disqualified. However, Flair retained the title. Main event match The main event was a Steel Cage Bunkhouse Stampede. The objective of the match was to throw the opponent out of the cage door or send him out via the top of the cage for the elimination. The participants were Tully Blanchard, Arn Anderson, The Barbarian, The Warlord, Dusty Rhodes, Ivan Koloff, Lex Luger and Road Warrior Animal. Animal eliminated first Koloff over the top of the cage, and then Warlord through the cage door, but was himself eliminated by The Barbarian after a Big Boot. Blanchard and Anderson double-teamed Luger and tried to eliminate him through the cage door but all three men were eliminated at the same time. Rhodes and Barbarian were the remaining participants and continued to fight each other. Barbarian hit Rhodes with a Diving Headbutt but was unable to eliminate him. Both men climbed the over the top of the cage, where Rhodes hit Barbarian with two Bionic Elbows win the Bunkhouse Stampede for the fourth consecutive time. Aftermath The Bunkhouse Stampede event met little success and was badly criticized. Especially, its booking was not appreciated due to Dusty Rhodes winning every Bunkhouse Stampede Battle Royal. Along with Rhodes' booking, the event was marred by the tickets having the wrong start time on them (a 6:30 start time was incorrectly advertised as 7:30, causing a majority of the fans to miss the first half of the event). The event gave birth to a new rivalry between Lex Luger and the Four Horsemen, a group Luger left in late 1987 after losing the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship. On Clash of the Champions I, Luger and Barry Windham defeated Horsemen members, the NWA World Tag Team Champions Arn Anderson and Tully Blanchard to win the title. On April 23 edition of World Championship Wrestling, Luger and Windham lost the title back to Anderson and Blanchard when Windham betrayed Luger and joined Horsemen. Luger became the #1 contender for Horsemen's leader Ric Flair's NWA World Heavyweight Championship, unsuccessfully challenging him for the title at The Great American Bash and Starrcade. ResultsReferences Category:Jim Crockett Promotions shows Category:National Wrestling Alliance pay-per-view events Category:1988 in New York (state) Category:January 1988 events in the United States Category:1988 World Championship Wrestling pay-per-view events Category:Professional wrestling in Uniondale, New York Category:Events on Long Island "
"Domen may refer to: Places *Domën, a village in Kryevidh commune, Tirana county, Albania *Dömen, Bozdoğan, a village in Bozdoğan district, Aydın province, Turkey *Domen, Norway, a mountain in Vardø municipality, Finnmark county *Domen Butte, a butte in the Borg Massif of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica *Hen Domen, the site of a medieval timber motte-and-bailey castle in Powys, Wales *Y Domen Fawr, a scheduled monument in Blaenau Gwent, Wales People *Domen Lorbek (born 1985), a Slovenian professional basketball player *Domen Pociecha (born 1985), a Slovenian luger who has competed since 1998 "