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"The semi-contrabassoon (also called quint bassoon, semi-contra or half-contra) is a double reed woodwind instrument pitched between the bassoon and the contrabassoon. It is pitched in either F (quint bass) or G (quart bass) a fifth or fourth, respectively, below the bassoon. These instruments were used mostly in the 18th century and are remnants of the old quart bass dulcians. They were considered easier to make than the larger contrabassoon. A semi- contrabassoon was shaped like an oversized bassoon, between tall with a long descending bocal. Little literature exists that indicate that these instruments were used, although it is possible that they may have been used to some extent in military bands. No attempt to revive this instrument in the present day has been made. The great organist Charles Marie Widor in his book on orchestration expected that the semi-contra would be added to the orchestra’s roster. No instruments were ever constructed on his instigation. Widor's remarks come in light of the dismal state of the French contrabassoon in the late 19th century, which was generally replaced with a contrabass sarrusophone. Famous operetta composer Arthur Sullivan is said to have owned a semi-contra in F and included parts for it in some of his operettas. Aside from the Great (quart) bass dulcians, the only modern reproductions of historical semi-contras are being made by Guntram Wolf of Germany. References Category:Bassoons Category:Woodwind instruments "
"Alloenzymes (or also called allozymes) are variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other allozymes coded for by different alleles at the same locus. These are opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different loci. Alloenzymes are common biological enzymes that exhibit high levels of functional evolutionary conservation throughout specific phyla and kingdoms. They are used by phylogeneticists as molecular markers to gauge evolutionary histories and relationships between different species. This can be done because allozymes do not have the same structure. They can be separated by capillary electrophoresis. However, some species are monomorphic for many of their allozymes which would make it difficult for phylogeneticists to assess the evolutionary histories of these species.Parker, Patricia G. et al. (March 1998). "What Molecules Can Tell Us About Populations: Choosing and Using a Molecular Marker". Ecology 79 (2): 361–382. In these instances, phylogeneticists would have to use another method to determine the evolutionary history of a species. These enzymes generally perform very basic functions found commonly throughout all lifeforms, such as DNA polymerase, the enzyme that repairs and copies DNA. Significant changes in this enzyme reflect significant events in evolutionary history of organisms. As expected DNA polymerase shows relatively small differences in its amino acid sequence between phyla and even kingdoms. The key to choosing which alloenzyme to use in a comparison between multiple species is to choose one that is as variable as possible while still being present in all the organisms. By comparing the amino acid sequence of the enzyme in the species, more amino acid similarities should be seen in species that are more closely related, and fewer between those that are more distantly related. The less well conserved the enzyme is, the more amino acid differences will be present in even closely related species. ReferencesSee also *Comparative genomics *Phylogenetics *Molecular phylogeny *Molecular evolution *Homology (biology) Category:Enzymes Category:Molecular biology Category:Evolutionary biology Category:Genomics Category:Phylogenetics "
"The Shambhala School is a non-denominational private school in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It employs a creative curriculum, integrating both academics and art. It runs from pre-primary through grade 12. Beginnings In 1993, parents of the Halifax Shambhala community were concerned with Nova Scotia's public school system and set out to create a school which would create a nurturing and delightful environment for learning. With this conceived, the school began as a private entity.http://www.shambhalaschool.org/about/about-school Curriculum and learning styles Although Shambhala School is not a religious school, the school does use eastern/Shambhala meditation techniques every day to encourage learning and expansion of the mind. For younger students (primary - grade 5) this might include movement and awareness activities. For the older grades (grade 6 - 12) this includes 5–10 minutes of simple yoga each morning and 10 minutes of Shambhala sitting meditation every morning and before dismissal. Usually on the morning returning from each major break (i.e., winter and March breaks) the entire upper school participates in an approximately hour-long yoga session followed by sitting meditation. Extracurricular activities Each year, the Upper Grades attend a camping trip in September to Kejimkujik National Park in South Central Nova Scotia. It is usually about a 3-day trip and includes bike trips, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, camp fires, swimming, large games of capture the flag/track down/manhunt, tenting, playing of musical instruments, and much more. The group usually consists of between 60-90 people and includes teachers, students and parents. The Group eats communally of 3 meals a day and smaller groups take turns cooking and cleaning. Many Students and Faculty members claim this is an excellent way to bring the school closer and creates a community. In addition to the "Keji" outing, each class attends a trip each year to Redtail Nature Camp. The Camp is located in Pictou County, Nova Scotia and has approximately of forested land. The Camp activities include much hiking, camp fires, nature/educational games, nature spotting, tracking, guided meditation, pseudo-Aboriginal rituals such as smudging and sweat lodge, swimming and much more. Every year, around Canadian Thanksgiving time, the school organizes the "Turkey Trot". This raises money for under-privileged families in the community to receive Turkeys and other foods for Thanksgiving. Due to the small population on a school based level, Shambhala and other Private schools (e.g. Sacred Heart School of Halifax) have teamed up to conduct dances. This is usually open to 6-9 grades and sometimes 10-12 respectively. Each student is allowed 1-2 guests from any school (even public). Facilities The Shambhala School is currently housed in the former Alexander Mckay School building in the Hydrostone area of Halifax. Built in 1917, the building withstood the Halifax Explosion. The school has three floors and a mezzanine including the basement area. The bottom floor has a small carpeted room sometimes used for music-now used for drama equipment, a large open space used for concerts, circles and other activities, restrooms, a utility room, a canteen room with a kitchenette and a large room formerly used for art and aikido, and now used for large gatherings. The basement also includes a gymnasium with hardwood flooring. The gym also has a stage used for concerts and plays. The mezzanine includes a number of classrooms (currently used for music and visual art) and a staff room. The music room includes a resident drum kit, keyboards, stereo and PA system. The art room includes, among the many mediums, a number of pottery wheels and a kiln. The first floor mainly houses the elementary classes as well as a preschool. The top floor houses the older grades. This includes many more classrooms, a kitchen/lunchroom (which doubles as a classroom in some cases).. There is also an outdoor classroom made of a sustainable material which was an exercise by architecture students from Dalhousie University. All grades use cubbies for storage which are on the sides of all classrooms. Notable alumni *Ellen Page, Academy Award- nominated actress See also *Shambhala *Shambhala Buddhism *Shambhala School Website References External links *Shambhala School Category:Educational institutions established in 1993 Category:Schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia Category:High schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia Category:Private schools in Nova Scotia Category:1993 establishments in Nova Scotia "