Appearance
🎉 your library🥳
"Altruism (also called the ethic of altruism, moralistic altruism, and ethical altruism) is an ethical doctrine that holds that the moral value of an individual's actions depend solely on the impact on other individuals, regardless of the consequences on the individual itself. James Fieser states the altruist dictum as: "An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent." Auguste Comte's version of altruism calls for living for the sake of others. One who holds to either of these ethics is known as an "altruist." The word "altruism" (French, altruisme, from autrui: "other people", derived from Latin alter: "other") was coined by Auguste Comte, the French founder of positivism, in order to describe the ethical doctrine he supported. He believed that individuals had a moral obligation to renounce self-interest and live for others. Comte says, in his Catéchisme Positiviste,Comte, August. Catéchisme positiviste (1852) or Catechism of Positivism, trans. R. Congreve, (London: Kegan Paul, 1891) that: > [The] social point of view cannot tolerate the notion of rights, for such > notion rests on individualism. We are born under a load of obligations of > every kind, to our predecessors, to our successors, to our contemporaries. > After our birth these obligations increase or accumulate, for it is some > time before we can return any service.... This ["to live for others"], the > definitive formula of human morality, gives a direct sanction exclusively to > our instincts of benevolence, the common source of happiness and duty. [Man > must serve] Humanity, whose we are entirely." The Catholic Encyclopedia says that for Comte's altruism, "The first principle of morality...is the regulative supremacy of social sympathy over the self- regarding instincts." Author Gabriel Moran, (professor in the department of Humanities and the Social Sciences, New York University) says "The law and duty of life in altruism [for Comte] was summed up in the phrase : Live for others."Gabriel Moran Christian Religion and National Interests Various philosophers define the doctrine in various ways, but all definitions generally revolve around a moral obligation to benefit others or the pronouncement of moral value in serving others rather than oneself. Philosopher C. D. Broad defines altruism as "the doctrine that each of us has a special obligation to benefit others."Cheney, D. R. (Editor), Broad's critical essays in moral philosophy (pp. 283–301). London: Allen & Unwin. Philosopher W. G. Maclagan defines it as "a duty to relieve the distress and promote the happiness of our fellows...Altruism is to...maintain quite simply that a man may and should discount altogether his own pleasure or happiness as such when he is deciding what course of action to pursue."Self and Others: A Defense of Altruism Philosophical Quarterly 4 (1954): pp 109–110. As consequentialist ethics Altruism is often seen as a form of consequentialism, as it indicates that an action is ethically right if it brings good consequences to others. Altruism may be seen as similar to utilitarianism, however an essential difference is that the latter prescribes acts that maximize good consequences for all of society, while altruism prescribes maximizing good consequences for everyone except the actor. Spencer argued that since the rest of society will almost always outnumber the utilitarian, a genuine utilitarian will inevitably end up practicing altruism or a form of altruism.Principles of Ethics §85ff Effective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that maintains that the consequences of our actions - for ourselves and others - are important, and seeks to maximise the overall quality of these consequences. Criticisms David Kelley, discussing Ayn Rand's views, says that "there is no rational ground for asserting that sacrificing yourself in order to serve others is morally superior to pursuing your own (long-term, rational) self-interest. Altruism ultimately depends on non-rational 'rationales,' on mysticism in some form..." Furthermore, he holds that there is a danger of the state enforcing that moral ideal: "If self- sacrifice is an ideal - if service to others is the highest, most honorable course of action - why not force people to act accordingly?" He believes this can ultimately result in the state forcing everyone into a collectivist political system.Kelley, David. https://atlassociety.org/commentary/commentary-blog/3666-epistemology-and- politics-ayn-rand-s-cultural-commentary Norwegian eco-philosopher Arne Næss argues that environmental action based upon altruism — or service of the other — stems from a shrunken "egoic" concept of the self. Self-actualization will result, he argues, in the recovery of an "ecological self", in which actions formerly seen as altruistic are in reality a form of enlightened self- interest.Seed, John, Macy, Joanna, Naess, Arne, & Fleming, Pat (1988). "Thinking Like a Mountain: Towards a Council of All Beings" (New Society Press) German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two different ways in which the strong can help the weak, one which is an expression of love, "motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one’s own life and existence" and another which is merely "one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people’s business." At its worst, Scheler says, "love for the small, the poor, the weak, and the oppressed is really disguised hatred, repressed envy, an impulse to detract, etc., directed against the opposite phenomena: wealth, strength, power, largesse." See also * Agape * Egalitarianism * Ethical egoism * Mettā * Ubuntu ReferencesExternal links * Ayn Rand's quotes on Altruism Category:Altruism Category:Consequentialism "
"Hedrick is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township, Warren County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. History The town of Hedrick began on 31 July 1881 with its platting by locals Parmenas G. Smith and G. W. Compton. The first house was built by John Hendricks and the first store opened by Zarse & Ahrens. The town also gained a drug store operated by Frank Hartman and a school house erected in the early 1880s. A post office was established in Hedrick on 14 January 1880 and closed on 31 January 1959. A tornado nearly destroyed Hedrick on 17 April 1922. The storm cut a path through the town an eighth of a mile wide, killing four residents, destroying six homes and ten businesses, and leaving only three buildings intact. Following the storm, newspapers estimated from ten to fifty thousand people flocked to the area to view the destruction, prompting the governor to deploy part of the state militia to control the crowds and prevent looting. Geography Hedrick is located on flat, open farmland on the southern edge of Jordan Township, at the intersection of County Roads 900 West and 100 South. It is about east of the Illinois border, west of the county seat of Williamsport, and north of State Road 28. Its elevation is 709 feet. Prior to the founding of the town, a wooded site called Hedrick's Grove stood to the east of nearby Redwood Creek. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana Category:Unincorporated communities in Warren County, Indiana Category:Populated places established in 1881 Category:1881 establishments in Indiana "
"American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions (AAATI) is a Christian nonprofit organization based in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. It was founded by Cecil Johnson, president of Christian Bible College, a distance education Bible college based in Rocky Mount North Carolina. Many institutions hold accreditation through various accrediting associations to appeal to a broader set of students. While seeking to provide a semblance of accountability for religious training institutions, AAATI is not recognized as an accreditor by either the United States Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.Council for Higher Education Accreditation History AAATI was started in 1983. It is operated by Cecil Johnson, president of Christian Bible College, a distance education Bible college based in Rocky Mount that Steve Levicoff identifies as a diploma mill.Steve Levicoff. Name It and Frame It?. (3rd edition) Institute on Religion and Law. 1993 (page 34-35) ASIN B0006F1PCQ In 1993, Levicoff wrote that AAATI gave accreditation for a $100 fee with no educational requirements (a $75.00 a renewal fee each year), and described it as a meaningless accreditation because it was not recognized by the Federal Government. Accreditation program Therapon University, one of the schools with AAATI accreditation, describes accreditation by AAATI as "religious accreditation, rather than secular". Therapon states that AAATI "monitors educational and religious standards for Bible colleges", providing accreditation that is "accepted by many religious organizations" but may not be accepted by employers or other educational institutions because AAATI lacks U.S. Department of Education recognition. Christian Bible College Like many secular schools are now offering, some of the AAATI accredited schools offer a limited amount of "life experience" credit toward degrees. Alumni of Christian Bible College, one of the AAATI accredited schools include Chuck Baldwin, founder and former pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida, and the Constitution Party's nominee for president in 2008 and vice president in 2004. Affiliated institutions Institutions that have claimed membership in, or accreditation from, the AAATI include: * Alpha Omega Bible College & Seminary Inc., Elkton, South DakotaAccreditation , Alpha Omega Bible College & Seminary website (accessed October 21, 2007) * Christian Bible College, Rocky Mount, North CarolinaStatement of Faith, Christian Bible College website (accessed October 21, 2007) * International Institute of Church Management Inc., based in Plymouth, Pennsylvania, USA, and Chennai, IndiaAccreditation and Membership Particulars, International Institute of Church Management website (accessed October 21, 2007) * Liberty Bible College and Seminary Liberty Bible College and Seminary Accreditation page (accessed May 1, 2009) * National Chaplains Institute's Biblical Life College and SeminaryBiblical Life College & Seminary webpage (accessed October 21, 2007) * Pacific International UniversityPacific International website states that its "memberships do NOT constitute accreditation by the U.S. Office of Education." * Patriot Bible University, Del Norte, Colorado * Slidell Baptist SeminarySlidell Baptist Seminary , accessed Jan 29, 2012 * Shalom Bible College & Seminary, West Des Moines, Iowa * Therapon University, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands * White Horse School of Ministry, West Lafayette, Indiana * Zion Ministerial Institute See also *List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning *List of unrecognized accreditation associations of higher learning ReferencesExternal links *Christian Bible College (Same operator as American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions) Category:Unrecognized accreditation associations Category:Organizations established in 1983 Category:1983 establishments in North Carolina "