❤️ Estrela Basilica 🐳

"The Estrela Basilica () or the Royal Basilica and Convent of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (), is a minor basilica and ancient carmelite convent in Lisbon, Portugal. Ordered built by Queen Maria I of Portugal as the fulfilment of a vow, the Basilica is not only a product of the Queen's particularly fervent devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, but remains the most important architectural endeavour of her reign. The Estrela Basilica was the first church in the world dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. History Shortly after her wedding to her uncle Infante Peter of Braganza in 1760, Maria, Princess of Brazil vowed, before an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in the Convent of Carnide, to build a church and convent under the Rule of Saint Theresa if she was given the grace of bearing children that would assure the succession of the House of Braganza. Princess Maria was, at the time, the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Joseph I, whom she would eventually succeed after his death in 1777. She gave birth to her first child, Joseph, Prince of Beira, on 20 August 1761 (who would later die of smallpox in 1788, while construction of the Basilica was underway). Only after acceding to the throne could Queen Maria afford to see to the fulfilment of her vow. Construction began in 1779; the groundbreaking ceremony took place on 24 October: the Queen's husband, Peter III, laid the first cornerstone and Fr. delivered the speech. Mateus Vicente de Oliveira, an important court architect, is made in charge of the works: it is under his direction that the construction of the conventual areas was carried out (from February 1778 to May 1781), as well as the beginning of the Basilica. Oliveira died in 1785, and was replaced with Reinaldo Manuel dos Santos, who saw to the conclusion of the works. Reinaldo Manuel made substantial alterations to the exterior design of the church (namely, a different design of the pediment, of the façade, of the bell towers, and of the dome to which he added a roof lantern). Architecture The huge church has a giant dome, and is located in a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be viewed from far away. The style is similar to the Mafra National Palace, in late baroque and neoclassical. The front has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegoric figures. A large quantity of grey, pink and yellow marble was used in the floor and walls, in intricate geometric patterns, one of the most beautiful in European churches. Several paintings by Pompeo Batoni also contribute to a balanced design. The tomb of the Queen Maria I is in the right transept. A famous nativity scene made by sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castro, with more than 500 figures in cork and terra cotta is a major attraction to visitors. See also *St. George's Anglican Church - located nearby References External links Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings Category:1790 establishments in Portugal Category:Basilica churches in Portugal Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1790 Category:Roman Catholic churches in Lisbon Category:Votive churches Category:National monuments in Lisbon District Category:Church buildings with domes "

❤️ GNOME Mines 🐳

"GNOME Mines (formerly known as Gnomine) is minesweeper clone for GNOME is licensed under the GPL as part of GNOME Games.GNOME Games page at wiki.gnome.org The game was written in C by Pista and subsequently ported to Vala. It was later improved by face artwork made by tigert. The faces are written in SVG and they are used to demonstrate the state of the game. Gameplay The game's premise is that the player has to locate mines floating in an ocean. GNOME Mines can provide hints, but doing so adds 10 seconds to the time per hint. Using hints to solve a beginner level puzzle will often take three minutes or longer. The algorithm behind the hint function gets the layout of all of the squares and if they aren't empty it performs the move that is the most revealing. ReferencesExternal links Category:GNOME Games Category:PC games that use GTK Category:Free software programmed in Vala ru:Mines "

❤️ Cottonclad warship 🐳

"Cottonclads were a classification of steam-powered warships where a wooden ship was protected from enemy fire by bales of cotton lining its sides. Cottonclads were prevalent during the American Civil War, particularly in the Confederate States Navy for riverine and coastal service such as in the battles of Memphis, Galveston, and Sabine Pass. Confederate tactics generally had cottonclads, which were outgunned by Union warships, steam at full speed towards enemy vessels, relying on the cotton to absorb fire. Once they were within firing range, they would open fire, and, if possible, ram or board the enemy. Conversion Around 1863, Confederate Commander John B. Magruder realized that Texas did not possess the funding and resources—such as iron mills—to produce impressive and potent vessels such as the ironclad CSS Virginia, thus inspiring the development of a new type of warship, later classified as a cottonclad warship. Cottonclads were various kinds of steamboats transformed into warships in places such as Buffalo Bayou, near Houston. In this process, the upper deck, called the texas deck, was removed. As a result of this, many of these ships developed "the rakish look of an ironclad ram, if not the potency." Five hundred-pound cotton bales were placed, on their sides, three bales high, with another row of bales lying flat behind the first row; these bales served as platforms for sharpshooters. All of the bales would be held in place with iron straps fastened to the bulwarks. To provide additional protection for the sharpshooters, heavy 14 x 14” timbers were fastened to the floor in the hold of the ship; these extended through the boiler deck to form a breastwork. A typical sharpshooter force on a cottonclad would consist of about 100 men arranged behind their bales of cotton. A refurbished thirty-two-pound cannon was mounted to the bow. Gangplanks were then suspended from their upper decks; they could be dropped onto the decks of nearby ships for boarding by teams of soldiers called "horse marines" - they were usually cavalrymen whose horses had been left ashore. Once protected by layers of both wood and cotton, the ships needed some way to fight back; they needed weapons. However, finding any heavy guns to place on the new cottonclads proved to be a difficult task. A motley of guns had to be scavenged for and affixed to the steamers, as no standard armament could be found. However, much of the time, a lack of ammunition forced these guns to be used purely for morale boosters for the men onboard. The brunt of the offense had to be shifted over to the sharpshooters and rams on the tips of the ships. These rams would be built onto many of the newly-converted cottonclads, and would consist of a 4-inch oak sheath covering a 1-inch layer of iron plating. The rams would be affixed to the bow of the ship, extending below the water level. The cottonclad would steam at full power towards an enemy ship, and the ram would collide with the ship’s hull, sinking or at least severely impairing the boat. The cotton bales would be compressed into the space between the double pine bulwarks. Some of the vessels that were converted into cottonclads included the former mail packet Neptune, and others such as John F. Carr, Lucy Gwinn, Josiah Bell, Uncle Ben, Bayou City, Governor Moore, Stonewall Jackson, General Sterling Price, Little Rebel, General Bragg, and the Beauregard. Although the retrofitting of these ships into cottonclads took time, at the end of the work, what were once dainty river steamers were now turned into what one observer deemed as "savage looking gunboats." Cottonclads in Battle Having been converted into these makeshift battleships, the cottonclads were now ready to deploy at Galveston. Their mission was to retake the city from the Union forces, which now possessed several warships, including the USS Harriet Lane, USS Owasco, USS Corypheus, and USS Sachem, all anchored in Galveston Harbor. Cottonclads fought larger, better-armed/armored Federal gunships by steaming directly at them, subsequently using their various offensive measures to take down the ship. The Federal ship would engage the cottonclad as soon as it was spotted, but the dense cotton bales absorbed most of the fire. Meanwhile, the cottonclad’s smaller caliber cannon would begin firing at the Federal ship as soon as it was within the cannon’s range, which was fairly limited. At an even closer range, sharpshooters behind the bales would produce a steady stream of fire at any enemies on the deck. Often, the sharpshooters' fire was so effective that the Federal crewmen, especially gun crews, ran for cover below the deck. Once the more maneuverable cottonclad rammed or entangled the Federal warship, the ropes suspending the cottonclad's gangplanks above the enemy deck would be cut. The gangplanks would fall onto the enemy deck, and the awaiting "horse marines" would board the Federal ship, proceeding to kill or capture its crew. If possible, the captured ship would be towed back into shallow waters, where the cottonclad’s crew would scavenge its cannons, weapons, and other provisions. If the captured ship could not be towed to safety, its prisoners were transferred to the cottonclad and the captured ship was burned to prevent it from being recaptured by the Federals. Two cottonclads, CS Bayou City and CS Neptune, played key roles in the Confederate strategy at the Battle of Galveston in which Confederate forces demanded the surrender of the important Texas port. Major General John Magruder equipped the two cottonclads with weapons and officers, appointing Capt. Leon Smith to utilize these ships in seizing the wharf. The cottonclads attacked from the rear of the Union squadron, resulting in the sinking of the CS Neptune as it attempted to ram the Union ship Harriet Lane. However, the CS Bayou City managed to board the Union vessel despite the immense damage it had taken during the battle, leading to the retreat of the remaining Union forces and the successful acquisition of Galveston for the Confederate. However, in the end, every single one of the once proud cottonclad warships were either sunk, burned, or captured by Union forces. File:CSSGovernorMoore.jpgCSS Governor Moore File:CSS Stonewall Jackson La Navy River Defense Ram.jpgCSS Stonewall Jackson File:Memphis-naval- battle.jpg2nd from left CSS General Sterling Price; 3rd from left CSS Little Rebel; Center foreground USS Monarch ramming CSS Beauregard Image:USS General Bragg photo.jpg(Ex CSS) USS General Bragg, probably photographed at Cairo or Mound City, Illinois, circa 1862–63. File:USSSterlingPrice.jpg(Ex CSS) USS General Price off Baton Rouge, LA, January 18, 1864 See also *Timberclad warship *Ironclad warship References= Citations Sources * Barr, Alwyn (2010-06-15). "GALVESTON, BATTLE OF". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-04-26. * Blair, Jayne (2006). The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies and Commanders. McFarland. p. 265. . "cottonclad ship battle of memphis." * Cotham, Edward T. (2010-01-01). Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae. University of Texas Press. pp. 48-49. . * Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 1991. pp. 523-525. * Francaviglia, Richard V. (1998). From Sail to Steam: Four Centuries of Texas Maritime History, 1500-1900. University of Texas Press. p. 198. . * Scharf, John Thomas (1886). History of the Confederate States Navy from Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel: Its Stupendous Struggle with the Great Navy of the United States; the Engagements Fought in the Rivers and Harbors of the South, and Upon the High Seas; Blockade-running, First Use of Iron-clads and Torpedoes, and Privateer History. Rogers & Sherwood. p. 505\. * Sullivan, Roy (2007). Civil War in Texas and the Southwest. AuthorHouse. p. 77. . Category:Ship types Category:Riverine warfare "