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"Spruce Run is the name of a series of streams located entirely within Delaware County, Ohio. The GNIS names them North Branch Spruce Run, South Branch Spruce Run and West Branch Spruce Run. Spruce Run was named for the spruce trees along its course. See also *List of rivers of Ohio References Category:Rivers of Delaware County, Ohio Category:Rivers of Ohio "
"Driftwood is a small unincorporated community in northern Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States. A formerly prosperous small rural community, at one time it had two churches, a grocery store, barber shop, gas station with repair shop, grain elevator, two-story school, a telephone office, bank, and post office. Currently, it is made up of less than a dozen residences - along with a church and cemetery - grouped along both sides of Oklahoma State Highway 8/State Highway 58. History Prior to statehood in 1907, all the lands of what was to one day become Alfalfa County were part of the Cherokee Outlet under the control of the Cherokee Nation. A prominent rancher, Major Andrew Drumm, leased grazing lands from the Cherokee in the 1870s and 1880s at a location between the Salt Fork and Medicine, or Medicine Lodge rivers, from which he operated his 150,000 acre U Ranch. Starting in 1874, the U Ranch headquarters was located a few miles north of present-day Cherokee, just southeast of Driftwood. The town of Driftwood was officially incorporated in 1898. (However, a footnote to the 1930 U.S. Census states that the town was "incorporated from part of Driftwood township in 1924.") The name "Driftwood" was taken from nearby Driftwood Creek, which empties into the Medicine Lodge River. Driftwood's post office was established May 12, 1894. From 1902 to 1906, this post office also served nearby Burlington (then known as Drumm). In 1901, a stage line was established connecting nearby Kiowa, Kansas with Alfalfa county towns, including Burlington, Driftwood, Cherokee, Yewed, and Augusta. The county's first railroad, the Choctaw Northern railway (later owned by the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific), connected Driftwood to the other Alfalfa county towns of Aline, Augusta, Lambert, Ingersoll, Amorita, and then continued on into Kansas. The little town's population would peak in 1930 with 71 inhabitants. The railroad line through Driftwood and its neighboring towns was abandoned in 1936. The town's post office was closed on October 31, 1959. Its population was listed as 32 in 1963. In the 1960s, the local schools from the towns of Driftwood, Byron, Amorita, and Burlington were all consolidated into the Burlington School District located in nearby Burlington. After the abandoning of its only rail line, the declining population had made it increasingly difficult to sustain educational and city services so that by 1980, Driftwood was no longer incorporated. By the 1990 census, its population had dwindled to just 27 persons. Geography Driftwood is located in north- central Alfalfa County straddling Oklahoma State Highway 8/State Highway 58, south of the Kansas-Oklahoma line. It is straight north of Cherokee on combined State Highways 8 and 58 and lies roughly to the west of the course of the Medicine Lodge River. The U.S. Geological Survey cites Driftwood's latitude as 36°52′45″N (36.8791951) and its longitude as 98°21′34″W (-98.3595173) with an elevation of 1191 feet. Notable people R. Orin Cornett (1913 – 2002) was born in Driftwood on November 14, 1913. Cornett earned his doctorate of physics and applied mathematics from the University of Texas in 1940 and taught physics, mathematics, and electronics at Oklahoma Baptist, Penn State, and Harvard universities. He was the inventor of the system of communication for the deaf known as Cued Speech. He also served in education administration as a vice president at Oklahoma Baptist University and in various positions including the Vice President of Long Range Planning for Gallaudet University. Other links * Andrew Drumm Institute * List of ghost towns in Oklahoma ReferencesFurther reading * Cornett, Essie Richardson, The Cornett family, Vantage Press (1971), (https://books.google.com/books?id=s2ZHAAAAMAAJ&dq;=driftwood%2C+oklahoma&focus;=searchwithinvolume&q;=driftwood) * Halcomb, Nora Caroline Williams, Williams history and genealogy, Medford Print. and Pub. (1946), (https://books.google.com/books?id=JYlbAAAAMAAJ&dq;=driftwood%2C+oklahoma&focus;=searchwithinvolume&q;=driftwood) * McGlasson, Bob, Genealogical and Other Stories on the Ancestors, Patriarchs, Famous and Infamous Characters in the Parental Families of Bob & Willie : McGlasson, Williams, Hullet, Weems, University of Wisconsin - Madison (1994), (https://books.google.com/books?id=27Y0AAAAMAAJ&q;=%22Driftwood,+Oklahoma%22&dq;=%22Driftwood,+Oklahoma%22&client;=internal- uds#=8&cd;=6&source;=uds) External links * Driftwood Christian Church * Driftwood Cemetery Category:Unincorporated communities in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma "
"{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bhinmal" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [72.25, 25.0] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Mandore" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [73.0331, 26.3535] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Jalore" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [72.62, 25.35] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Patan" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [72.125, 23.85] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Didwana" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [74.57, 27.4] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Rajore (Rajorgarh)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [76.622, 27.236] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "circle", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bayana" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [77.28, 26.9] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Sindh" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [68.9833, 27.65] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "marker- color": "808080", "title": "Bharuch" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [72.993, 21.712] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Ujjain" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [75.79, 23.17] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Valabhi" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [71.8795, 21.8878] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Kannauj" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "marker-color": "808080", "coordinates": [79.92, 27.07] } } ] } Gurjaradesa/Gujardesh (Gurjara country) or Gurjaratra is a historical region in India comprising the eastern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat during the period of 6th -12th century CE.The predominant power of the region, the Gurjara-Pratiharas eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at Kannauj. The modern state of "Gujarat" derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra. Early references to Gurjara country Gurjaradēśa, or Gurjara country, is first attested in Bana's Harshacharita (7th century CE). Its king is said to have been subdued by Harsha's father Prabhakaravardhana (died c. 605 CE). The bracketing of the country with Sindha (Sindh), Lāta (southern Gujarat) and Malava (western Malwa) indicates that the region including the northern Gujarat and Rajasthan is meant. Hieun Tsang, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India between 631 and 645 CE during Harsha's reign, mentioned the Gurjara country (Kiu-che-lo) with its capital at Bhinmal (Pi-lo-mo-lo) as the second largest kingdom of Western India. He distinguished it from the neighbouring kingdoms of Bharukaccha (Bharuch), Ujjayini (Ujjain), Malava (Malwa), Valabhi and Surashtra. The Gurjara kingdom was said to have measured 833 miles in circuit and its ruler was a 20-year old kshatriya, who was distinguished for his wisdom and courage. It is known that, in 628 CE, the kingdom at Bhinmal was ruled by a Chapa dynasty ruler Vyāgrahamukha, under whose reign the mathematician-astronomer Brahmagupta wrote his famous treatise. It is believed that the young ruler mentioned by Hieun Tsang must have been his immediate successor. It appears that the Gurjara country at that time comprised modern Rajasthan. Following the death of Harsha, his empire split up into small kingdoms. Gurjaradesa is believed to have become independent. Coin of the Gurjura Confederacy, on the model of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh. Sindh. Circa 570-712 CE The Arab chroniclers of Sindh (an Arab province from 712 CE onward), narrated the campaigns of Arab governors on Jurz, the Arabic term for Gurjara. They mentioned it jointly with Mermad (Marumāda, in Western Rajasthan) and Al Baylaman (Bhinmal).; ; The country was first conquered by Mohammad bin Qasim (712-715) and, for a second time, by Junayd (723-726). Upon bin Qasim's victory, Al-Baladhuri mentioned that the Indian rulers, including that of Bhinmal, accepted Islam and paid tribute. They presumably recanted after bin Qasim's departure, which made Junayd's attack necessary. After Junayd's reconquest, the kingdom at Bhinmal appears to have been annexed by the Arabs. Successor Gurjara kingdoms A Gurjara kingdom was founded by Harichandra Rohilladhi at Mandore (Mandavyapura) in about 600 CE. This is expected to have been a small kingdom. His descendant, Nagabhata, shifted the capital to Merta (Medāntakapura) in about 680 CE. Eventually, this dynasty adopted the designation of "Pratihara" in line with the Imperial Pratiharas, to whom it became feudatory. They are often referred to as Mandore Pratiharas by historians. The Bharuch line of Gurjaras (Gurjaras of Lata) was founded by Dadda I, who is identified with Harichandra's youngest son of the same name by many historians. These Gurjaras were always recognized as vassals (sāmanthas) though their allegiance might have varied over time. They are believed to have wrested a fair portion of the Lata province of the Chaulukyas and their kingdom also came to be regarded as part of Gurjaradesa. A final line of Gurjaras was founded by Nagabhata I at Jalore, in the vicinity of Bhinmal, in about 730 CE, soon after Junayd's end of term in Sindh. Nagabhata is said to have defeated the "invincible Gurjaras". Another account credits him for having defeated a "Muslim ruler." Nagabhata is also known to have repelled the Arabs during a later raid. His dynasty later expanded to Ujjain and called itself Pratihara. The rival kingdoms of Pratiharas, the Rashtrakutas and Palas, however continued to call them Gurjaras or kings of Gurjaras (Gurjaresa). The Pratiharas became the dominant force of the entire Rajasthan and Gujarat regions, establishing a powerful empire centered at Kannauj, the former capital of Harshavardhana. Later references Indo-Sasanians coins, with similar types of Sasanian-style bust on the obverse and crude fire altar on the reverse. These are mainly Gurjara types, circa 6th-7th century, with a few later Chavada and Chaulukya types. Udyotana Suri's Kuvalayamala composed in Jalore in 778 CE describes in detail the Gurjara country as a beautiful country, whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras. They were differentiated from the Saindhavas (people of Sindh), Latas (in southern Gujarat), Malavas (people of Malwa) and Meravas. They were mentioned to be devotees of dharma and clever in matters of peace as well as war. The term Gurjaratra is first mentioned in the Ghatiyala inscription of Kakkuka (Mandore Pratihara) in 861 CE. Kakkuka is said to have won the love of the people of Gurjaratra along with those Marumada, Valla and Travani.; Later records suggest that this Gurjaratra mandala was in the region of Didwana in the old Jodhpur State. In later times, the term Gurjaratra is used to connote the present day Gujarat. Jinadatta Suri (1075-1154 CE) mentions a country of Gujaratta with its capital at Anahilapataka (Patan) in northern Gujarat. The Chaulukyas (Solankis) are also referred to as Gurjaras in inscriptions and their country as Gurjaradesa. Culture and science Bhinmal was a great centre of learning. According to Kanhadade Prabandha, it had 45,000 Brahmins who were never tired of studying the ancient sacred books. Brahmagupta, the well-known mathematicians astronomer, was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal. He is likely to have lived most of his life in the town, during the empire of Harsha. He wrote two texts on mathematics and astronomy: The Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta in 628, and the Khandakhadyaka in 665. He made seminal contributions to mathematics, including the first mathematical treatment of zero, rules for manipulating positive and negative numbers, as well as algorithms for algebraic operations on decimal numbers. His work on astronomy and mathematics was transmitted to the court of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur (r. 754-775 CE), who had the Indian astronomical texts translated into Arabic. Through these texts, the decimal number system spread through the Arab world and later Europe. The Sanskrit poet Magha, the author of Sisupalavadha, lived here in 680 CE. The Jain scholar Siddharshi Gani, a resident of Bhinmal wrote Upmitibahava prapancha katha in 905 CE. The Jain Ramayana was written by Jain monk Vijayagani in 1595 CE. Jain acharya Udyotana Suri wrote Kuvalayamala here. See also * Rajasthani people * Architecture of Rajasthan * Brahmagupta * Hindu-Arabic numerals * Mandore * Gurjar References ; Sources * Category:Historical Indian regions Category:Geography of Rajasthan Category:Geography of Gujarat Category:History of Gujarat "