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"The Turcot Interchange is a three-level stack freeway interchange within the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Located southwest of downtown, the interchange links Autoroutes 15 (Décarie and Décarie South Expressways), 20 (Remembrance Highway), and 720 (Ville-Marie Expressway), and provides access to the Champlain Bridge via the Décarie South Expressway. It takes its name from the nearby Philippe-Turcot Street and Turcot village, which were in turn named after Philippe Turcot (1791-1861) who was a merchant owning land in Saint-Henri. Turcot is the largest interchange in the province and the third busiest interchange of Montreal (after Décarie and Anjou Interchanges, respectively) as of 2010, with numbers averaging a north-southbound flow of 278,000 approximate daily drivers, and over 350,000 west-eastbound in total. Moreover, Turcot is an occasional spot for road accidents, as speed is limited to only on any of the interchange's directions, and the limit is often disregarded by the night drivers going over . The interchange has been undergoing an extensive reconstruction since 2015 and is expected to be completed by fall 2020. The $3.7-billion project is the largest roadwork in the province's history. History The interchange was projected as part of the first Montreal highway in 1958 and planned to bind it to the Décarie Expressway, which was also designed at the same time. Construction started in October 1965 and Turcot was built in time for the 1967 Montreal Expo, along with other big projects such as the Montreal Metro. Upon its erection, an old railroad yard belonging to the Grand Trunk Company (today merged into Canadian National) served as location for the interchange and was shortened by 25%, which required the demolition of a roundhouse. In 1969, upon reviewing the situation, city authorities concluded that the project used unnecessary space and could have co-existed perfectly alongside the buildings that were otherwise demolished, including some 20 residences. The elevated lanes of the Turcot Interchange When it was originally constructed, nearly the entire interchange was built high above the ground because of the cliff existing between the Upper Lachine domain and the Turcot sorting yard overtaking the old Saint-Pierre Lake basin. The highest point of the interchange () is located in its southern part over the Lachine Canal to allow for the passing of ships, but the canal closed its waterway operations just three years later, in 1970. The mean height of the interchange is around , which was, at the time of its inauguration, both the highest freeway interchange in all of Canada and a dramatic demonstration of Montreal's status as a modern global metropolis at the time. The construction of the junction was said to be rushed during the 1960s boom, with a lack of drainage and permeable concrete, and deteriorated, with pieces of concrete slabs falling from overpass structures. In 2000, more than 300,000 vehicles used the interchange every day, far more than the 50,000-60,000 vehicles that it had been designed to carry. Since 2010, the interchange became subject to major repairs of the most heavily accessed ramps. During the summer of 2011, over 2.7 km worth of lanes were restored, repaved, and returned to safely accessible condition for larger vehicles. Reconstruction Underside of the various overpasses comprising the Turcot Interchange. In June 2007, the Quebec government announced the demolition and reconstruction of the structure, which was projected to be complete in 2016. The announcement came four years after a study on the interchange showed the Turcot structure was crumbling, with reports of concrete slabs up to one square metre falling from the overpasses. In addition to a new interchange built lower to the ground, a large segment of Autoroute 20 would be rebuilt more to the north. Reconstruction of the interchange is expected to cost between $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion. Controversy At the time of its announcement, the project created controversy as to how Turcot should be rebuilt. Local residents and community groups have come out against the project as proposed by the government, claiming that it will worsen pollution, increase automobile traffic downtown, and require the demolition of housing including a significant portion of the Village des Tanneries neighbourhood. The project's environmental hearings ended on June 19, 2009. They revealed new plans for the area by CN, as well as strong public desire to protect existing communities, rethink the modal balance of Montreal's urban transportation, and plan realistically for a future of energy shortages and environmental crisis. After MDDEP conducted several environmental and technical impact investigations in early Summer of 2009, construction plans were halted because of the 2009 financial crisis. Second project In April 2010, the city of Montreal gathered all previous commentary reviewed by BAPE and announced a different reconstruction project in which the railroad tracks and the main body of the A-20 are kept at their original location, the height of the interchange is maintained but replaced with better-lasting materials, and the former Turcot Yards serve as ground for a new urban redevelopment district with its own community aspect. The cost as set at least $5 billion, which is at least three times that of the original. "If this project is to replace the original," stated Julie Boulet, "we can expect at least two more years of stalling," and suggested that Turcot should not be seen as a sandbox for any kind of proposals coming from all levels of the government. According to Gerald Tremblay, former mayor of Montreal, that was exactly the time necessary to prepare for the works, which were postponed into the second half of 2012. Groundbreaking and Angrignon exit reconfiguration Starting February 2012, the MTQ proceeded to hire excavation companies in order to start the ground leveling of the former yards in terms of the future project. The westbound lanes of the A-20 were to be moved to that location, and Boulet confirmed that the reconfiguration of the Ste-Anne-de- Bellevue—Pullman—Angrignon interchange would take place and that it was scheduled to be completed in 2018. Just as foreseen in the project, the part of the Angrignon Boulevard used as an exit overpass from the A-20 will be moved some 300 m westward, forming the second half of the Sainte-Anne-de- Bellevue Boulevard intersection. The original part of Pullman Street, between Angrignon and Sainte-Anne, simply ceased to exist. As of April 2014, the works could be seen to be underway near the interchange itself, and some existing streets/exits/entrances (Girouard, Crowley (after the CUSM completion), Côte- Saint-Paul, Angrignon/Pullman) had been reconfigured to accept the new flow once the body of the A-20 was moved northward. Completion (2015-2020) The reconfiguration and reconstruction of the interchange commenced in 2015 and is expected to be completed by fall 2020. In October 2016, much of the old interchange was closed, allowing continuous work on the new interchange. The $3.7-billion project is the largest roadwork in the province's history. In popular culture Famous Quebec folk singer Plume Latraverse, beacon of the late 1960s counterculture and key figure at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, compared Turcot to the "functional heart" of the city, with its inward ramps being the arteries and outward ramps being the veins in the lyrics of one of his late 1970s songs. Turcot was the setting for writer-director René Balcer's 1978 short film Turcot Interchange, a dark rom-com. Since late 1990s, the abandoned space underneath the ramps has become a place of urban gatherings for certain graffiti artists. The artistic trio "Flow", which was also rooted in Montreal in 1993 and has long ever since moved on, is involved in producing one of the paintings on the westbound A-20 ramp, "Smashing All Toys." With criminal activity on the rise in Saint-Henri in the first half of the 2000s, this space has also been high on drug dealers and violence gangs until they were cleared by the SPVM by 2010. Today, the area is used as a park by many local residents, who claim that because of the height of the ramps, there is almost no pollution from the passing cars. See also * Grade separation * Spaghetti Junction * Freeway References External links * Turcot Interchange page on the Transports Québec Website * Mobilisation Turcot Category:Quebec Autoroutes Category:Streets in Montreal Category:Proposed roads in Canada Category:Road interchanges in Canada "
"Dhulikhel Hospital, a Kathmandu University hospital, is an independent, not for profit, non-government hospital in Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal. History The hospital was conceived and supported by the Dhulikhel community, as a health service provider. The hospital was inaugurated by the late king Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev in 1996, as a collaborative project of the Dhulikhel Municipality, NepaliMed and Dhulikhel Health Service Association. The hospital was started to provide outpatient service, 24 hours emergency, inpatient from beginning. Dr. Ram KM Shrestha and Dr. Rajendra Koju were 2 doctors to start the affordable health care services from this hospital. Service area Dhulikhel Hospital new building The hospital covers a population of 2.7 million people from Bhaktapur, Dolakha, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Sindhupalchok, Sindhuli and other districts. Dhulikhel Hospital has provided services to people from more than 50 out of 75 districts of the country. About 2.7 million people from Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhupalchowk, Bhaktapur, Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and surrounding districts are served in a year. There are significant number of cases referred from different parts of the country. Since opening of Banepa Bardibas highway connecting eastern Terai, the number of patients from Terain region has significantly increased. University Hospital Dhulikhel hospital is also the university hospital for all the medical programs run under the collaboration with Kathmandu University (constituent medical programs of Kathmandu University). Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences is running MBBS, BDS, BSc. Nursing, BNS, BPT, MD/MS in different specialties in this hospital.http://www.dhulikhelhospital.org/index.php/2013-03-24-04-24-34/introduction Community Health=Department of Community Programs The department has expanded since 1996. It now works as a coordinating unit between the hospital’s various medical departments and numerous rural communities that previously had no access to immediate healthcare facilities. The department attempts to address health issues in remote areas through a holistic approach; quality service delivery; rational community-based methods; innovative public health interventions; and effective partnership programs. It aims to implement these measures and services through rigorous monitoring and evaluation methods, in order to ensure that its main objective, to act as a coordinating unit for other departments in the hospital, is successfully carried out. Currently, the work of the Department of Community Programmes can be categorised as the following: * Health Service Programmes * Public Health Programmes * Partnership Programmes * Global Health Programmes Majority of the work of the Department of Community Programs is carried out by the outreach centers. At the 14 outreach centers and one school health clinic round-the- clock healthcare services are provided to the people living in the catchment areas. All of these outreach centers were started after thorough discussions and meetings addressing the community directly about their needs, aims, and goals concerning healthcare. The outreaches not only provide basic health services, but also a platform on which all the community programs begin. Many preventive, promotive and curative services are provided to all outreach rural communities. Various NGOs and INGOs also provide services to the community at grassroots level through the outreach centers. Outreach Centres Kavrepalanchok District = # Baluwa Health Centre # Bolde Health Centre # Dapcha Health Centre # Kattike Deurali Health Centre # Salambu Health Centre # Dhungkharka Health Centre =Sindhupalchok District= #Bahunepati Health Centre #Hindi Health Centre #Manekharka Health Centre #Lamosangu Temporary Basic Health Care Unit #Yangrima School Health Clinic =Dhading District= #Chattre Deurali Health Centre =Lalitpur District= #Godamchaur Health Centre =Solukhumbu District= #Kharikhola Health Centre #Dorpu Health Centre =Dolakha District= #Kirnetar Health Centre #Gaurishankar Community General Hospital =Parbat District= #Phalebas Health Center =Nuwakot District= #Thansing Health Center =Sindhuli District= #Dumja Health Center Services Dhulikhel Hospital ensures that all paramedical staff at the outreach centers receive regular training and are on- call 24 hours a day in case of emergencies. Regular doctor visits are scheduled to the outreach centers. These centers are also used as a means of providing higher level specialized care. In 2011-2012 year alone we organized 244 specialized camps in the following areas in different rural areas of Nepal: * General Surgery * Ophthalmology * Cardiology * Gastroenterology * Obstetrics & Gynecology * Orthopedic * Urosurgery * Psychiatry * Physiotherapy * Paediatrics * Otolaryngology ENT * Dermatology * Dentistry Dental * Gynecology * Urosurgery * Vascular surgery At Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, outreach placements are a part of all the medical and paramedical students’ studies, which encourages them to be actively involved in community healthcare. In the past, students have stayed at various outreach centers for a maximum of two weeks where they have been on-hand to cater to the needs of patients 24 hours a day. Partnership Programs In addition to training the hospital's own staff at the Outreach Centes, training courses for health personnel from government health centres are also conducted. The partnership work covers other areas of Nepal. Technical assistance is provided to eight hospitals all over the Nepal. The partners include: # Ampipal Hospital, Gorkha District # Tamakoshi Cooperative Hospital, Ramechhap District # Dolpa Health Centre, Dolpa District # Sahaj Community Hospital, Nawalparasi District # Poyan Health Centre, Solukhumbhu District # Phalebas Health Centre, Parbat District # Necha Health Centre, Okhaldhunga District # Bayalpata Hospital, Achham District Public Health Programs Through the Department of Community Programs, the staff at the Dhulikhel Hospital coordinate many [public health] programs designed to uplift communities by improving their standard of living. Various public health programs have been conducted: plantation programs around schools and villages; first aid training; hygiene and sanitation teaching for school children; awareness programs for women (for issues like cervical cancer, breast cancer, uterine prolapse); and mental health awareness programs for both women and school children. Current Public Health Programs include: #Plantation Programs and Community Forestry #Micro- Finance Programs #Micro-Insurance Programs #Women's Awareness Programs #School Health Programs #Occupational Health Programs #Improved Cooking Stoves Construction = Plantation Programs and Community Forestry = Plantation programs is one of the Department of Community Programs’ newest initiatives. The program raises awareness on deforestation and climate change in the rural communities and incorporates awareness campaigns into local school curricula. Thus far, two schools have been involved and more than 1,005 trees have been planted. =Micro-Finance Programs= The Micro-Finance program was in 2008 at the Bahunepati Health Centre. Today, Dhulikhel Hospital has 31 micro- finance groups in five outreach centers (Bahunepati, Kattike Deurali, Dapcha, Solombhu, Baluwa). The micro-finance programs were created to financially assist women in rural communities. Each micro-finance group consists of 10 women with a nominated leader from their own community, who ensures that the loan is paid back in monthly installments, with an additional four percent interest rate. The interest in turn generates a sum of money for another woman to join the group. The women from the micro-finance groups have gone on to purchase animals for livestock farming such as pigs, goats, and chickens; or have invested in materials to start their own small businesses like candle- making. To date, over 300 women have benefited from the program. =Micro- insurance Programs= Micro-insurance Programs were launched at the end of 2010. For just 50 rupees per month, the Micro-insurance Program has ensured that all the women involved in the micro-finance programs and their children are covered for basic medical healthcare. =Women's Awareness Programs= The staff from the Department of Community Programs and the Gynaecology/Obstetrics department work together within the outreach centers to find out the needs of women and how they can be helped. In 2011-2012 a total of 29,681 women from different rural vicinities were involved in the Awareness Programs. The major topics discussed were: cervical cancer, uterine prolapse, breast cancer, menstural hygiene, and tuberculosis. The Department of Community Programs is also raising awareness on teenage pregnancies, dysmenorrhoea, family planning, and sexually transmitted infections. Dhulikhel Hospital operates on all uterine prolapse cases without charge. Due to societal restrictions many women in rural areas do not talk about their cases and cases often come to the hospital with stage three uterine prolapse. Since 2008, the department has specifically recruited nurses from the hospital for awareness programs on uterine prolapse in the outreach centers. =School Health Programs= This program through education highlights the importance of hygiene and healthcare for school children and teachers. The School Health Programs are focused on encouraging education on topics such as hygiene, toilet use, and first aid. Working with the District Government Office, Adolescent Health Programs and extra-curricular School Health Clubs have been formed. Furthermore, first aid trainings have been provided for teachers from 11 schools in cooperation with local governmental health center staff. Between 2011 and 2012 the re were 72 various health programs at 120 different schools. 10,9384 students were screened for dental, ENT, ophthalmic problems. =Occupational Health Programs= Farmers in Nepal face severe health risks due to their heavy use of pesticides in crop farming. The Department of Community Programs is conducting awareness programs targeting these farmers, with regards to the proper use of pesticides in crop farming. The program aims to first raise the issue of pesticides as a health hazard amongst farmers and their families, and then tackle the increasingly widespread and improper use of pesticides. See also * List of hospitals in Nepal ReferencesExternal links Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1996 Category:Hospitals established in 1996 Category:Hospitals in Nepal Category: Organisations associated with Kathmandu University "
"Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 377 U.S. 218 (1964), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia's decision to close all local, public schools and provide vouchers to attend private schools were constitutionally impermissible as violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.. Background In response to the court's holding in Brown v. Board of Education, Virginia initiated a coordinated policy known as massive resistance to maintain segregationist policies. A legislative package known as the Stanley Plan was enacted. Numerous public schools had been closed through the tactics of massive resistance. However, when the Prince Edward County Board of Supervisors was ordered to integrate the public schools under its jurisdiction in June 1959, it took the unusual and extreme step of not appropriating any money for the school system, forcing all public schools in the county to close for the next five years.Griffin, 377 U.S. at 223. Instead of funding public schools, Prince Edward County provided tuition grants for all students, regardless of their race, to use for private nonsectarian education.Griffin, 377 U.S. at 224. No private schools existed for blacks, resulting in the total deprivation of formal education to black children in the county from 1959 to 1963. All private schools in the region remained racially segregated. A private foundation proposed opening a private school for black children, but the offer was rejected in part because many of the black residents of Prince Edward County wanted "to continue the legal battle for desegregated public schools." In 1963, "federal, state, and county authorities cooperated to have classes conducted for Negroes and whites in school buildings owned by the county," but the county-funded schools remained closed until the Supreme Court's 1964 ruling on the litigation arising from the county's 1959 closure of the schools. In 1959, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit had ordered the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia to require that the schools open without segregation. The District Court initially refrained from ordering the schools opened pending the separate question whether the Virginia state constitution required the operation of public schools.Griffin v. Board of Supervisors of Prince Edward County, 203 Va. 321, 124 S. E. 2d 227 (1962). In 1962, the District Court ordered the county board to fund the schools.Griffin, 377 U.S. at 224-25. The Fourth Circuit reversed, holding that the District Court should have awaited the state law determinations of whether the county was required to operate schools.Griffin, 377 U.S. at 225. The black schoolchildren appealed to the Supreme Court. The case was argued by Robert L. Carter for the NAACP (Samuel W. Tucker and Frank D. Reeves on the brief); Virginia assistant attorney general R.D. McIlvaine (Attorney General Robert Young Button and Assistant Attorney General Frederick Thomas Gray on the brief) and Judge John Segar Gravatt for the school board, and Solicitor General Archibald Cox argued on behalf of the United States as an amicus curiae, urging reversal. Decision Draft of first page of decision The Supreme Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ordered the schools reopened. It held that the supervisors' action of refusing to fund the public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, where the county offered only private school vouchers for students and where no private schools accepted black students. This case marked the first time that the Supreme Court ordered a county government to exercise their power of taxation. This unusual level of intervention in the function of local government provoked a dissent by Justices Clark and Harlan: See also * Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County * List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 377 References Further reading * External links * * Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States school desegregation case law Category:1964 in United States case law Category:Education in Prince Edward County, Virginia Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Category:Civil rights movement case law Category:African-American history of Virginia Category:Legal history of Virginia "