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"A listing of the Pulitzer Prize award winners for 2002: Journalism * Public Service: **The New York Times, for A Nation Challenged, a special section published regularly after the September 11th terrorist attacks on America, which coherently and comprehensively covered the tragic events, profiled the victims, and tracked the developing story, locally and globally. * Beat Reporting: ** Gretchen Morgenson of The New York Times, for her trenchant and incisive Wall Street coverage. * Breaking News Photography **The staff of The New York Times, for its consistently outstanding photographic coverage of the terrorist attack on New York City and its aftermath. * Breaking News Reporting **The staff of The Wall Street Journal, for its comprehensive and insightful coverage, executed under the most difficult circumstances, of the terrorist attacks on New York City, which recounted the day's events and their implications for the future. * Commentary **Thomas Friedman of The New York Times, for his clarity of vision, based on extensive reporting, in commenting on the worldwide impact of the terrorist threat. * Criticism **Justin Davidson of Newsday, Long Island, New York, for his crisp coverage of classical music that captures its essence. * Editorial Cartooning **Clay Bennett of The Christian Science Monitor * Editorial Writing **Alex Raksin and Bob Sipchen of the Los Angeles Times, for their comprehensive and powerfully written editorials exploring the issues and dilemmas provoked by mentally ill people dwelling on the streets. * Explanatory Reporting **The staff of The New York Times, for its informed and detailed reporting, before and after the September 11th attacks on America, that profiled the global terrorism network and the threats it posed. * Feature Photography **The staff of The New York Times for its photographs chronicling the pain and the perseverance of people enduring protracted conflict in Afghanistan and Pakistan. * Feature Writing **Barry Siegel of the Los Angeles Times, for his humane and haunting portrait of a man tried for negligence in the death of his son, and the judge who heard the case. * International Reporting **Barry Bearak of The New York Times, for his deeply affecting and illuminating coverage of daily life in war-torn Afghanistan. * Investigative Reporting **Sari Horwitz, Scott Higham, and Sarah Cohen of The Washington Post, for a series that exposed the District of Columbia's role in the neglect and death of 229 children placed in protective care between 1993 and 2000, which prompted an overhaul of the city's child welfare system. * National Reporting **The staff of The Washington Post, for its comprehensive coverage of America's war on terrorism, which regularly brought forth new information together with skilled analysis of unfolding developments. Letters * Fiction **Empire Falls by Richard Russo (Alfred A. Knopf) * History ** The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America by Louis Menand (Farrar) * Biography or Autobiography **John Adams by David McCullough (Simon & Schuster) * General Non-Fiction **Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution by Diane McWhorter (Simon & Schuster) * Poetry **Practical Gods by Carl Dennis (Penguin Books) * Drama **Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks (TCG) * Music **Ice Field by Henry Brant (Carl Fischer Music). Premiered by the San Francisco Symphony on December 12, 2001, at Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco, California. References External links * Category:Pulitzer Prizes by year Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Prize "
"The Warrington bombings were two separate bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in Warrington, Cheshire, England. The first attack happened on 26 February, when a bomb exploded at a gas storage facility. This first explosion caused extensive damage, but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of the bombers were caught following a high-speed car chase. The second attack happened on 20 March, when two smaller bombs exploded in litter bins outside shops and businesses on Bridge Street. Two children were killed and a total of 56 people were injured. The attacks were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). From the early 1970s, the IRA had been carrying out attacks in both Northern Ireland and England with the stated goal of putting pressure on the UK Government to withdraw from Northern Ireland.O'Day, Alan. Political Violence in Northern Ireland. Greenwood Publishing, 1997. p.20 The IRA was designated a terrorist organisation. First attack Site of the first bombing On the night of 25 February 1993, three IRA members planted bombs at the gas holders on Winwick Road, Warrington. At 11:45 pm that night, a police officer stopped the three men in a van on Sankey Street. As he was questioning them, the IRA members shot him three times and sped off in the van."The gas works bombing – 20 years on". Warrington Guardian, 26 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013. About an hour later they hijacked a car in Lymm, put the driver in the boot and drove off towards Manchester. At about 1 am police spotted the car and chased it along the M62 motorway in the direction of Warrington. Shots were fired during the high-speed chase and two police vehicles were hit. Police stopped the car on the motorway near Croft and arrested two of the IRA members: Páidric MacFhloinn (age 40) and Denis Kinsella (age 25). The third member, Michael Timmins, escaped. At 4:10 am on 26 February the bombs exploded at the gas holders, sending a fireball into the sky and causing extensive damage to the facility.Hansard – Terrorist Incidents The emergency services arrived and evacuated about 100 people from their homes. There was much disruption to transport that morning as police set up roadblocks and trains were diverted away from Warrington. In 1994, MacFhloinn was sentenced to 35 years in prison and Kinsella to 25 years for their part in the bombing. John Kinsella (age 49) was sentenced to 20 years for possessing Semtex explosives that he had hidden for the IRA unit. Second attack Shortly before midday on Saturday, 20 March 1993, The Samaritans in Liverpool received a bomb warning by telephone. According to police, the caller said only that a bomb had been planted outside a Boots shop."Rage at I.R.A. Grows in England As Second Boy Dies From a Bomb". The New York Times, 26 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013."IRA insists Warrington bomb alerts were given". The Independent, 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013. Merseyside Police sent officers to branches of Boots in Liverpool and warned the Cheshire Constabulary, who patrolled nearby Warrington. About 30 minutes later, at about 12:25,"May God forgive them, because we can't". The Independent, 22 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013."Child, 4, dies in British bombing". Record-Journal (from the Associated Press). 21 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013."Outrage over death of boy in bombing a setback for the IRA". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 23 March 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2013. two bombs exploded on Bridge Street in Warrington, about apart. The blasts happened within a minute of each other. One exploded outside Boots and McDonald's, and one outside the Argos catalogue store. The area was crowded with shoppers. Witnesses said that shoppers fled from the first explosion into the path of the second. It was later found that the bombs had been placed inside cast-iron litter bins, causing large amounts of shrapnel. Buses were organised to ferry people away from the scene and 20 paramedics and crews from 17 ambulances were sent to deal with the aftermath. Three-year-old Johnathan Ball died at the scene. He had been in town with his babysitter, shopping for a Mother's Day card. The second victim, 12-year-old Tim Parry, was gravely wounded. He died on 25 March 1993 when his life support machine was switched off, after tests had found only minimal brain activity. 54 other people were injured, four of them seriously. One of the survivors, 32-year-old Bronwen Vickers, the mother of two young daughters, had to have a leg amputated, and died just over a year later from cancer. The Provisional IRA issued a statement the day after the bombing, acknowledging its involvement but saying: > Responsibility for the tragic and deeply regrettable death and injuries > caused in Warrington yesterday lies squarely at the door of those in the > British authorities who deliberately failed to act on precise and adequate > warnings.English, Richard. Armed Struggle: The history of the IRA. Pan > MacMillan, 2004. p.279 A day later, an IRA spokesman said that "two precise warnings" had been given "in adequate time", one to the Samaritans and one to Merseyside Police. He added: "You don't provide warnings if it is your intention to kill". Cheshire's assistant chief constable denied there had been a second warning and said: > Yes, a warning was given half-an-hour before, but no mention was made of > Warrington. If the IRA think they can pass on their responsibility for this > terrible act by issuing such a nonsensical statement, they have sadly > underestimated the understanding of the British public. A piece on BBC North West's Inside Out programme in September 2013 speculated that the bombing may have been the work of a "rogue" IRA unit, which was supported by the IRA but operated independently and who used operatives who were from England to avoid suspicion."Documentary to ask who was behind Bridge Street bombing". Warrington Guardian. The programme also examined a possible link between the attack and British leftist political group Red Action, though nothing was ever proven. Aftermath The deaths of two young children ensured that the 20 March bombings received major coverage in the media. and caused widespread public anger. Shortly after the bombings, a group called "Peace '93" was set up in Dublin. The main organiser was Susan McHugh, a Dublin housewife and mother. On 25 March 1993, thousands held a peace rally in Dublin. They signed a condolence book outside the General Post Office and laid bouquets and wreaths, with messages of sorrow and apology, to be taken to Warrington for the boys' funerals. Some criticised Peace '93 for focusing only on IRA violence and for not responding to the deaths of children in Northern Ireland.. On 24 March 1993, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA, a loyalist paramilitary group) shot dead a Sinn Féin member in Belfast. The next day, it shot dead four Catholic men (including an IRA member) in Castlerock and hours later shot dead a 17-year-old Catholic civilian in Belfast.. Roy Greenslade wrote that, compared to the Warrington bombings, these deaths were "virtually ignored" by the media in Great Britain and he accused it of having a "hierarchy" of victims. On 1 April 1993, the Irish Government announced measures designed to make extradition easier from the Republic of Ireland to the United Kingdom. In late 1994 Irish rock band The Cranberries released the song "Zombie", which was written in protest at the bombings. The song went on to become their biggest hit. The parents of Tim Parry set up the Tim Parry Trust Fund to promote greater understanding between Great Britain and Ireland. The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace worked jointly with the NSPCC to develop The Peace Centre, close to Warrington town centre, which opened on the seventh anniversary of the attack in 2000. Its purpose is to promote peace and understanding amongst all communities affected by conflict and violence. The centre hosts an annual peace lecture, as well as being home to the local NSPCC and Warrington Youth Club. The bombings received further attention in 2019 after the Brexit Party selected former Living Marxism writer Claire Fox as their lead candidate in the North West for the 2019 European Parliament election; the Revolutionary Communist Party, of which Fox was a leading member in 1993, defended the IRA's bombing in their party newsletter. Despite the controversy, which saw another Brexit Party candidate resign from the party list in protest to the comments, Fox and the Brexit Party topped the poll across the North West, including in Warrington. The killing of Ball and Parry is still on Cheshire Police's list of unsolved murders. Made for TV film The events around the second bombing, with the killing of two children, and the efforts of the parents of Tim Parry and "Peace '93" and McHugh, were dramatised in the 2018 television film, Mother's Day, starring Vicky McClure, Daniel Mays and Anna Maxwell Martin. See also * Chronology of the Northern Ireland Troubles and peace process * Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions * The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace References External links * Contemporary news article detailing the outrage expressed by citizens of Dublin in response to the Warrington bomb attacks * Memorial service in 2008 for the victims * The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace * BBC: IRA campaign in England Category:1993 in England Category:1993 murders in the United Kingdom Category:1990s in Cheshire Category:Explosions in 1993 Category:February 1993 crimes Category:February 1993 events in Europe Bomb Category:March 1993 crimes Category:March 1993 events in the United Kingdom Category:Murder in Cheshire Category:Provisional IRA bombings in England Category:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1993 Category:Unsolved murders in England "